多层螺旋CT、MRI、DSA对颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值(附8例报告)

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)、MRI和数字减影血管造影(DSA)等影像学检查在颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析我院经外科及血管内栓塞治疗成功的CCF共8例,行MSCT检查5例,MRI检查5例,两者同时检查2例,所有病例均行DSA检查。结果MR、CT主要表现:所有患者眼球突出、海绵窦扩大、患侧眼上静脉扩张,部分患者眼下静脉、内眦静脉、面静脉、小脑半球上表面外侧脑膜静脉扩张,岩上、下窦扩张,眼外肌肿胀,眼球壁增厚。DSA主要表现:患侧海绵窦扩大,患侧眼上静脉充盈扩张,并可发现瘘口、引流静脉及盗血现象。结论CT、MRI、DSA检查均可独立作为诊断CCF手段,CTA和MRA技术在诊断领域内一定程度上可替代DSA。但DSA提供CCF血流动力学改变情况,仍是诊断CCF的金标准,不可完全取代。     

MSCTA在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血超急性期诊疗中的应用

目的探讨多排螺旋CT三维血管成像（MSCTA）在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）超急性期诊疗中的作用、评价MSCTA在SAH患者病因诊断学中的价值。方法回顾分析经CT平扫及腰穿明确诊断的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血48例患者，在超急性期（24h内）行多排螺旋CT血管造影检查，并与DSA全脑动脉造影检查比较。结果48例患者中MSCTA发现动脉瘤34例，显示瘤体、瘤颈、载瘤动脉和与周围血管及颅骨的关系清晰、确切；动静脉畸型（AVM）7例，显示畸形血管团的部位、大小、供血动脉来源，引流静脉的分支情况，空间立体结构清晰。颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）1例，显示扩张的海绵窦大小、形态、范围及纡曲的引流静脉，可显示ICCF的瘘口；静脉性血管畸形（CVM）3例；不明原因3例。对脑血管病的检出敏感性为95％，特异性为100％。结论MSCTA是简单、快速、无创、安全、可靠的脑血管成像技术，在一定程度上可替代DSA检查，可作为sAH超急性期患者病因诊断的首选检查方法。     

CT和MRI诊断非外伤急性眼球突出

目的评价CT和MRI诊断非外伤急性眼球突出(NTAP)的价值。方法回顾性分析42例NTAP的临床资料、CT及MRI表现。结果 42例NTAP中,14例眼眶自身感染包括蜂窝组织炎8例、炎性假瘤肌炎4例及视神经炎2例,影像学表现为眶脂体模糊片影、眼外肌及视神经增粗。20例鼻源性眼眶感染,包括毛霉菌病1例、骨膜下脓肿10例及鼻窦黏液囊肿9例,表现为眶尖不规则片状T2WI低信号、沿眶壁边缘清晰低密度影及突入眶内的囊性病变,伴相邻鼻窦炎。眶内血肿5例,CT及MRI表现符合出血演变。自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘3例,表现为眼上静脉增粗及海绵窦扩大。结论 CT及MRI诊断NTAP病变有重要临床应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在肾静脉血栓诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像（multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）在肾静脉血栓（renal vein thrombosis,RVT）诊断和治疗中的临床应用价值。方法收集首诊RVT患者8例,慢性期RVT并左肾静脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者5例,均行CT平扫、动脉期及静脉期增强扫描,采用容积再现（volume rendering,VR）血管生长技术（addvessel,AV）进行血管重建,分析RVT、肾静脉侧支循环表现。结果13例RVT患者中,首诊8例（双侧3例,左侧5例）,CT平扫呈均匀稍高密度影,增强扫描示肾静脉主干及分支内见充盈缺损影,4例血栓延伸至下腔静脉内,1例合并左腰静脉干、左睾丸静脉内血栓,1例左睾丸静脉侧支循环形成。慢性期5例,CT平扫左。肾静脉结构显示不清,左肾静脉主干4例不显影,1例细如线样,均显示左卵巢静脉曲张,右卵巢静脉、双侧髂内静脉侧支循环形成。结论MSCTA能准确诊断RVT及肾静脉侧支循环,指导临床制定治疗方案。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘诊断与血管内介入治疗必需遵循的基本原则

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（traumatic carotid cavernous fistula,TCCF）是因外伤致颅底骨折,损伤了颈内动脉及其分支与海绵窦,其同时受损使颈内动脉或其分支与海绵窦异常沟通所造成的血管病变。因为盗血而产生的缺血与出血为主要临床表现,如搏动性突眼、颅内杂音与眼球运动障碍伴球睑结膜充血、水肿,甚至外翻,有的还伴有颅内出血、鼻衄与脑缺血性损害等症状。根据病史、体检诊断一般不难,CT （CTA）、MRI （MRA）与彩色多普勒超声可以辅助诊断,但诊断的金标准是全脑全程（动脉期、静脉期与静脉窦期）数字减影血管造影（DSA）。通过造影可以了解病变的部位,供血动脉,瘘口部位、大小,有无经海绵前、后间窦使对侧海绵窦显影,盗血与静脉回流情况,并通过对侧颈内动脉与椎动脉造影了解颅内侧支循环情况。     

肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓、继发门静脉海绵样变多层螺旋CT表现

目的探讨肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓、继发门静脉海绵样变的多层螺旋CT表现。方法收集31例经病理证实为肝细胞癌合并门脉癌栓继发门静脉海绵样变的多层螺旋CT资料,与手术病理相对照,回顾分析其栓塞部位、CT表现及侧支循环开放情况。结果栓塞部位：门静脉主干及左、右支栓塞23例,其中4例合并肠系膜上静脉和（或）脾静脉、下腔静脉栓塞,1例合并胆囊浸润;门静脉主干及左支栓塞1例;f1静脉主干及右支栓塞5例,其中2例合并肝右静脉和（或）下腔静脉栓塞;门静脉主干及肠系膜上静脉栓塞1例;单纯右支栓塞1例。CT表现：平扫癌栓均为等密度;增强扫描动脉期明显不均匀强化,门静脉期强化程度减退呈等密度,相应血管内可见充盈缺损。侧支循环开放与血管扩张情况：肝门胆管周围侧支开放31例（100％）,胆囊窝周围侧支开放19例（61．29％）,胃底、胃小弯区侧支开放21例（67．74％）,食管下段侧支开放7例（22．58％）,脾静脉扩张15例（48．38％）。结论HCC并门静脉癌栓继发门静脉海绵样变的多排螺旋CT表现具有一定的特征性,可为I临床提供准确的参考信息,有助于该病的诊断。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在烟雾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像（MSCTA）在烟雾病诊断中的价值以及应用前景。方法回顾性分析10例烟雾病患者的MSCTA及数字减影血管造影（DSA）的影像学资料。结果MSCTA可清晰显示狭窄、闭塞以及异常增多的脑血管。容积重建有利于显示病变血管与周围结构的空间关系,综合最大密度投影法重建和多曲面重建图像分析可清晰显示异常增多的脑血管,即烟雾状血管。MSCTA对狭窄及闭塞血管的检出率为66．2％（53/80）;DSA对狭窄及闭塞血管的检出率为67．5％（54／80）,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。MSCTA对颅底异常血管网的显示及分布情况与DSA大致相似。结论MSCTA诊断烟雾病的灵敏度高,是早期诊断烟雾病的重要依据,早期诊断、及时治疗是改善烟雾病患者预后的有效方法。     

血管内治疗外伤性颈内动脉损伤

目的探讨血管内治疗对外伤性颈内动脉损伤的临床价值。方法16例外伤性颈内动脉损伤患者,经DSA造影证实为假性动脉瘤3例、岩部巨大蛇性动脉瘤及颈内动脉起始部动脉瘤各1例以及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘11例,分别采用可脱落球囊、电解可脱式弹簧圈（GDC）或带膜内支架对损伤部位进行动脉内栓塞治疗。结果对3例假性动脉瘤及1例岩部巨大蛇性动脉瘤患者以可脱落球囊闭塞患侧颈内动脉成功。9例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）在保持颈内动脉通畅的情况下采用球囊成功栓塞瘘口,1例CCF予以GDC填塞海绵窦;其余1例CCF两次球囊栓塞均失败,但术后24h患侧凸眼明显回缩,间断按压患侧颈内动脉1周后患者临床症状和体征消失。1例颈内动脉起始部动脉瘤行带膜内支架成功植入,动脉瘤被旷置,颈内动脉保持通畅。结论血管内治疗是外伤性颈内动脉损伤安全有效的治疗方法。     

MSCTCTA与DSA诊断肾癌的应用对照研究

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像（MSCTA）与选择性肾动脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）对诊断肾癌的应用价值。方法对26例病理证实的肾癌患者的MSCTA与选择性肾动脉DSA影像特征进行对照分析。结果MSCTA对肾癌的肿瘤血供类型、肿瘤供血动脉来源的诊断符合率和肾动脉解剖显示正确率达到96．15％。选择性肾动脉DSA对肾癌的肿瘤血供类型、肿瘤供血动脉来源的诊断合率和肾动脉解剖显示正确率达到92．31％（P〉0．05）。结论MSCT（CTA）与DSA对诊断肾癌都具有较高的临床诊断价值；对指导肾癌的介入与外科手术治疗，MSCTA具有更高的实用价值。     

CTA对小肠间质瘤的诊断价值

目的 评价螺旋CT与螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)对小肠间质瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析19例经手术病理证实小肠间质瘤的螺旋CT扫描与MSCTA结果.结果 19例中良性12例,恶性7例;肿瘤大小约2～15 cm.19例中CT及MSCTA发现病灶有16例,即定性诊断准确率为84.21%.根据手术中探查结果,CT及MSC...     

多层螺旋CT在肝癌介入治疗中的价值

目的　评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在肝癌(HCC)介入治疗中的指导作用,着重研究对肝动脉化疗栓塞的价值。方法　对54例HCC患者先行MSCT检查,分别观察肝动脉期、门静脉期和肝静脉期肿瘤及其并发症的影像表现;其中12例行CTA检查,42例应用MIP或MPR观察腹腔动脉的解剖和走行,根据影像表现拟订治疗方案。结果　54 例患者MSCT发现HCC病灶225个,门静脉瘤栓10例,动静脉瘘14例。MSCT对肿瘤数目、门静脉瘤栓显示率与 DSA无显著差异 (P>0.05)。CTA对于显示腹腔动脉及其主要分支的解剖三维结构优于后前位 DSA,观察与腹主动脉夹角较 DSA更方便。MSCT发现肝动脉起源变异5例,与DSA完全符合。结论　MSCT对于肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞有重要指导意义。     

多层螺旋CT腹腔干重建在腹腔镜胃癌根治术术前评价的价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT血管造影（multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）对腹腔干及其分支血管的三维重建能力,探讨MSCTA在进展期胃癌腹腔镜手术前的评估价值。方法25例拟行腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术行腹部螺旋CT增强扫描,用容积再现（volume rendering,VR）进行三维血管造影（CT angiography,CTA）,根据其CTA表现评价腹腔干及其分支血管的空间解剖特征,将所得的解剖学资料与腹腔镜下血管解剖对比。结果MSCTA准确显示胃左动脉25例,胃右动脉12例,胃十二指肠动脉全部显示,其中胃十二指肠动脉2例起自肝左动脉,1例起自肝右动脉。脾动脉起源相对固定。根据MSCTA结果指导腹腔镜下进展期胃癌D2根治术,手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹。重建的腹腔干及分支与术中活体解剖完全吻合。结论MSCTA能清晰显示腹腔动脉解剖和正确的空间关系,是一种有价值的腹腔镜辅助进展期胃癌D2根治术术前检查方法,可能为相关血管周围淋巴结的清扫提供线索。     

Indirect carotid cavernous fistula appeared after balloon embolization of direct CCF

Summary.  The authors describe a case of indirect carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) appearing five months after embolization for traumatic direct CCF, which was treated six months after the trauma. Long-term (six months) venous hypertension to the affected cavernous sinus due to direct CCF and cavernous sinus thrombosis following a balloon embolization were considered as an etiology of the de novo dural arteriovenous fistula. The recurrent symptoms of CCF are usually related to detached balloon disorder, but delayed recurrence may be caused by the de novo dural AVF, if the direct CCF was treated in the chronic state.     

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula identified by three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography--technical note

Conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) identified a right carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF). Three-dimensional DSA (3D-DSA) was used to evaluate the CCF before treatment. The 3D-DSA images showed the anatomical relationship of the parent artery and the veins, which was difficult to understand on conventional DSA. The endoscopic image revealed the fistula and cavernous sinus. The direction and location of the fistula could be confirmed. However, the size of the fistula significantly varied depending on the adjustment of the window thresholds, so the balloon size could not be selected based on the images. Catheterization and subsequent embolization of the cavernous sinus with a detachable balloon via the femoral artery was successfully accomplished by referring to the 3D-DSA images.     

Percutaneous transfemoral embolization of an indirect carotid-cavernous fistula with cortical venous access to the cavernous sinus. Case report

The authors present the case of a 61-year-old man with an indirect carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF). Many now advocate a primary transvenous approach to deal with such lesions, with packing and thrombosis of the cavernous sinus leading to fistula obliteration. Transvenous access to the cavernous sinus via the inferior petrosal sinus is the usual route of access; both surgical and transfemoral superior ophthalmic vein approaches are also well described. In the case presented, the anatomy of the CCF was unfavorable for these approaches and its dominant venous egress was via a single enlarged arterialized cortical vein. The cavernous sinus was accessed with a transfemoral retrograde approach to the cortical draining vein. Successful CCF embolization was documented radiographically and clinically. To the authors' knowledge, this procedure has not been previously described in the English literature.     

多层螺旋CT血管造影对于外科处理脑动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血的指导作用和临床经验

目的研究多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)诊断脑动脉瘤的临床应用。方法选择我院2014年10月~2017年1月收治的60例蛛网膜下腔出血疑似脑动脉瘤患者进行的MSCTA检查的临床资料,其中15例行保守治疗;其余45例行MSCTA患者经过外科处理,包括41例经DSA血管内处理,4例经开颅手术治疗。分析CTA的诊断准确性、应用价值和作者的使用经验。结果CTA:所有患者中45例MSCTA诊断脑动脉瘤共47个,DSA及开颅术发现脑动脉瘤49个,诊断符合率为95.9%;CTA与DSA对瘤体长轴、瘤体短轴与瘤颈进行分析显示,两种检测方法的检测数据均无明显差异,P0.05。结论对于颅内动脉瘤患者采取MSCTA检测的临床意义重要,有利于显示出患者颅内动脉瘤的瘤体大小与瘤颈,诊断方法安全、可靠。     

Diagnostic value of CTA and MRA in intracranial traumatic aneurysms

Objective： To investigate the diagnostic value of computerized tomographic angiography （ CTA ） and magnetic resonance angiography （ MRA ） for intracranial traumatic aneurysms （TAs）. Methods： CTA and MRA of six patients with intracranial TAs verified by digital subtraction angiography （DSA） and surgery were retrospectively analysed. All patients were examined by nonenhanced computerized tomography （CT） and two by CTA. The source data were reconstructed by volume rendering （VR） and multi-planar reconstruction （MPR） from CTA. Four of them had maxhnum intensity project （MIP） from MRA. Results ： Of the six patients, a total of seven TAs were detected by CTA and MRA examinations. Five cases had only one TA and one case had two TAs. The average diameter was 2.3 cm （1.1-3.3 cm）. CTA demonstrated two TAs appeared at the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery （ICA） and the middle cerebral artery （MCA） respectively. MCA TA was definitely and dearly demonstrated on VR images, whereas VR images failed to depict the cavernous ICA TA, which was detected on MPR images. Two TAs were found irregular saccular shape,irregular margin of parent artery and wide neck on CTA. Four MRA examinations demonstrated five TAs, including the cavernous segment ICA TAs （2 cases）, the supraclinoid segment ICA TA （1 case ）, and the cavernous segment associated with opposite side of the petrosal segment ICA TA （1 case）. In a cavernous ICA TA, MRA only revealed aneurysm body, whereas aneurysm neck and distal segment of the parent artery were not revealed. In the remaining cases, MRA clearly depicted aneurysm body and parent artery, whereas the neck was not displayed. ICA TAs showed irregular capsnle-like high signal intensity on MRA images. Four TAs exhibited irregular distal segment of the parent artery. TAs at the supraclinoid segment or MCA failed to find fracture signs on nonenhanced CT. Conclusions： Both CTA and MRA examinations are the effective non-invasive method of imageology for diagnosing intracranlal TAs, while CTA is more eligible for diagnosing TAs after nonenhanced CT has demonstrated skull base fractures.     

MSCT诊断成人永存镰状窦6例及文献回顾

目的分析成人永存镰状窦的多排螺旋CT表现,提高对大脑深静脉发育异常的进一步认识。方法选取6例经CTA诊断为永存镰状窦的成人患者,采用MSCT重组技术对其静脉成像进行分析。结果 6例患者均因临床疑诊颅内动脉病变而接受CTA检查。静脉期见大脑大静脉或直窦前部与上矢状窦后2/3相连的条带状血管样结构,未合并其他动静脉异常。结论成人永存镰状窦可不合并其他先天性静脉窦发育异常及阻塞,多排螺旋CTA是其无创、有效的检查方法。     

Vascular mapping of head and neck: computed tomography angiography versus digital subtraction angiography.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare multislice computed tomography angiography (MSCTA) to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for vascular mapping of the head and neck. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 50 patients who were scheduled for microvascular reconstruction of the mandible with osteomyocutaneous flaps, MSCTA was carried out before surgery. DSA served as the method of reference. Selective common carotid angiograms were acquired in 2 projections for both sides of the neck. A 64-slice spiral computed tomography (CT) was carried out with a dual-phase protocol, using the arterial phase images for 3-dimensional CTA reconstruction. Volume rendering was used to visualize MSCTA data. RESULTS: No adverse reactions or complications occurred during or after the procedures. All CT angiograms were of diagnostic quality. No statistically significant differences between MSCTA and DSA were found for the detection of branches of the external carotid artery that are relevant host vessels for microsurgery neither in the group of 26 patients who had not had surgical treatment before (P = .687), nor in the group of 24 patients who were affected by either a tumor recurrence or an infected osteoradionecrosis (P = .508). CONCLUSION: MSCTA proved to be a reliable alternative to DSA in vascular mapping for planning of microvascular reconstruction of the mandible.