全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的发生情况及预防治疗措施。方法：对220例（244髋）全髋关节置换患者围手术期皮下注射低分子肝素来预防治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后第7天行彩色多普勒超声检查。结果：58例发生下肢深静脉血栓，其中远端血栓33例，近端血栓14例，全静脉血栓11例，DVT发生率26．4％，未发生1例肺栓塞。结论：围手术期低分子肝素应用可降低全髋关节置换术后DVT发生率，且安全可靠。     

前列腺摘除围术期与血栓形成

本文就前列腺手术血栓形成的影响因素、有关机理及诊断、预防和治疗进行了综述,有利于临床医师对前列腺手术围术期发生深静脉血栓及肺栓塞的危险性产生足够的重视,并进行积极的治疗及合理地使用抗凝止血类药物。     

腹腔镜术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊治分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的原因、高危因素及诊治措施.方法 回顾性分析本院2005年3月至2007年1月收治的12例腹腔镜术后深静脉血栓病例的临床资料.结果 腹腔镜术后深静脉血栓占同期收治血栓患者7.3%(12/164),均经溶栓抗凝对症治疗后症状消失,4例放置下腔静脉滤器,无肺栓塞发生.随访3～15个月,无复发.结论 腹腔镜围手术期体位、麻醉等应激状态及患者高危因素均可导致下肢深静脉血栓形成,甚至肺栓塞.围手术期应积极应对,仔细观察处理高危因素,预防深静脉血栓形成.     

骨科大手术后静脉血栓栓塞症预防的进展

深静脉血栓栓塞（YenoHsthromboembolism,VTE）包括下肢深静脉血栓形成（deepveinthrombosis,DVT）和肺栓塞（pulmonaryembolism,PE）。DVT是骨科大手术患者围手术期严重的并发症,如果不进行预防血栓形成,其发生率很高。     

外科围手术期患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的原因及预防护理对策

[目的]探讨外科围手术期患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的原因及预防护理对策。[方法]对近期医学文献进行回顾性分析总结。[结果]术前认真评估，术中仔细操作，术后积极预防护理，可明显降低围手术期患者深静脉血栓形成的发生率。[结论]对于围手术期患者采取积极预防措施，减少DVT和肺栓塞的发生，降低患者住院日、医疗费用和病死率。     

足踝手术患者静脉血栓栓塞的评估与预防

静脉血栓栓塞（VTE）包括深静脉血栓（DVT）和肺栓塞（PE）。创伤及手术是VTE形成的危险因素,在血栓形成后若不能及时诊断和处理,血栓形成后遗症将长时期影响患者的生活和工作质量;少数并发肺栓塞,造成严重后果。在骨科围手术期正确认识、评估和预防VTE的发生对患者的预后非常重要。     

高龄患者前列腺摘除术的麻醉处理

前列腺增生症是常见的老年性疾病，手术摘除术中有可能较凶猛的出血，术后有可能并发异常出血、深静脉血栓、肺栓塞、弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)等严重并发症。因此，合理选择麻醉方法，以及加强围术期管理是提高手术疗效的关键之一。现小结我院2001-2002年对44例70岁以上的高龄前列腺增生手术患者的麻醉处理，报道如下。     

冠脉支架术后前列腺增生患者围术期处理要点(附27例报告)

目的分析冠脉支架植入术后患者行绿激光前列腺汽化术治疗围术期的注意事项及处理要点。方法 27例冠脉支架植入术后患者行绿激光前列腺汽化术治疗。术前停用阿司匹林及氯吡格雷,调整为低分子肝素。术中行经尿道前列腺绿激光汽化术。术后使用低分子肝素治疗,并逐步过渡至常规抗凝治疗。结果 27例患者均顺利度过围术期,最大尿流率等指标均较术前显著改善,无严重出血、冠脉支架血栓形成及下肢深静脉血栓、肺栓塞等并发症发生。结论冠脉支架术后患者行前列腺增生手术,术前调整抗凝药物,术中行绿激光汽化,术后注意及时应用抗凝药物,可顺利度过围术期。     

经尿道等离子前列腺电切术的围手术期护理体会

目的总结经尿道等离子前列腺电切术的围手术期护理体会。方法对56例良性前列腺增生症(BPH)患者行经尿道等离子电切术,围手术期给予心理支持、密切观察病情变化、引流管及膀胱冲洗护理、出院指导等综合护理措施。结果 56例患者均顺利完成手术。术后发生4例(7.14%)并发症,均给予对症处理后痊愈。未发生继发性出血、下肢深静脉血栓形成等其他并发症。住院时间5~8 d。排尿不畅症状全部消失,均痊愈出院。结论做好经尿道等离子前列腺电切术的围手术期综合护理,可提高治疗效果、减少术后并发症及促进患者恢复。     

临时腔静脉滤器在下肢骨折患者中的应用

目的 探讨下肢骨折合并急性深静脉血栓形成的患者围手术期肺栓塞预防及临时性腔静脉滤器使用的必要性及安全性.方法 对782例下肢骨折患者围手术期明确诊断有急性深静脉血栓形成患者,选择其中相对年轻(年龄≤45周岁)的91例患者放置临时性腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞,术后进行随访.结果 89例成功置入临时性腔静脉滤器,置入时间15～42 d,平均27 d,取出时拦截血栓78例,拦截率87.6%.82例(92.1%)在预期时间一次取出,7例(7.9%)拦截较大血栓经再次溶栓后二次取出.无一例更换永久性滤器,取出后随访3～6个月并行标准抗凝治疗,未发生致命性肺栓塞,32例(35.9%)患者行肺动脉CT成像(CTPA)检查,证实未发现微小肺动脉栓塞灶.结论 临时性腔静脉滤器能有效地减少下肢骨折合并急性深静脉血栓形成患者围手术期肺栓塞发病率及致死率,并能减少置放永久性滤器所致的中远期并发症.     

病理复查并前列腺癌根治术后早期前列腺特异抗原监测的临床意义

目的：结合病理复查结果，监测前列腺癌根治术后早期的前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平，指导术后的进一步治疗。方法：对25例前列腺癌根治术患者于术后1、2、4周时测定PSA水平，尔后每个月测定一次，随访5～17个月，平均11个月；并对术后标本的手术切缘及包膜浸润程度行病理复查。结果：病理报告T1～T2期17例，15例获根治，PSA水平均降至0．2μg／L以下，随访12个月无复发；2例PSA一直未降至正常，2个月后复升高而加用辅助治疗，其病理观察发现手术切缘有肿瘤残留。T3a或T3b期8例，4例获根治，PSA在3个月内降至0．2μg／L以下，随访9个月无复发，病理特征为肿瘤浸润包膜但未穿透；4例在1个月后因PSA回升分别加用辅助治疗，病理示肿瘤均穿透包膜。结论：T1～T2期患者，因手术切缘残留等原因，肿瘤可能早期复发；T3期患者，特别是那些侵犯包膜但未穿透者，手术可能达到根治，并可以延迟应用雄激素阻断治疗，延长治疗的有效时间。     

OptEase滤器在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用

目的：总结8例下肢深静脉血栓形成手术治疗中使用OptEase可回收腔静脉滤器 的经验.方法：通过8例使用OptEase可回收腔静脉滤器临床资料,分析回收方式与并发症.结果：术中、术后无肺栓塞发生,回收时腔静脉造影示：滤器处不完全血栓和健侧髂静脉血栓各1例,成功回收5例,转为永久性置入3例.随访328个月,无肢体静脉血栓复发.结论：下肢深静脉血栓形成手术中使用可回收腔静脉滤器能有效防止肺栓塞,术后可回收的特点有广阔的应用前景.     

前列腺切除术后出血原因分析及临床对策

目的 探讨良性前列腺增生症前列腺切除术后出血原因及临床防治对策。方法2000年3月至2005年5月共有252例前列腺切除术患者，其中耻骨上前列腺切除术70例，经尿道前列腺电切术150例，汽化电切术32例。结果 术后继发出血18例，其中耻骨上前列腺切除术5例，占该组7．2％；经尿道前列腺电切术12例，占该组8．0％；汽化电切术1例，占该组3．2％。术后24h内出血见于前列腺切除创面渗血、静脉窦破裂出血、膀胱无抑制性收缩、电切综合征、导尿管球囊移位或破裂、凝血机制障碍等；远期出血见于电切创面焦痂脱落、剧烈活动、前列腺切除创面感染等。18例全部治愈，无再次继发出血。结论 术前严格掌握手术适应证，术中规范操作及严密止血，术后准确判断出血原因及积极治疗，对前列腺切除术后出血的防治有重要意义。     

永久性下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的中长期疗效及应用价值

目的 总结永久性下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的中长期疗效并评估其应用价值.方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院血管外科2010年1月-2015年10月置入永久性下腔静脉滤器的86例下肢深静脉血栓的病例资料,其中男性41例,女性45例,年龄50 ～ 94岁,平均年龄71.8岁.深静脉血栓位于左下肢51例,右下肢25例,双下肢10例,合并肺栓塞6例.滤器置入后,无溶栓禁忌者行导管溶栓,必要时行髂股静脉球囊扩张及支架置入.术后除抗凝禁忌者外,均采用抗凝治疗.结果 所有患者均一次性放置滤器成功.置入贝朗Vena Tech LP滤器76例,强生TrapEase滤器10例.单纯滤器置入65例,滤器置入+导管溶栓7例,滤器置入+导管溶栓+球囊扩张/支架置入14例.随访12～81个月,平均51个月,死亡27例,均非滤器相关性,其中恶性肿瘤17例,其他死因10例.深静脉血栓复发3例,支架狭窄伴血栓形成2例.滤器倾斜6例,倾斜角度＜15°,滤器下方血栓形成3例,滤器明显移位2例,无滤器断裂、下腔静脉穿孔及出血等发生,无症状性肺栓塞新发或者复发.结论 永久性滤器可以有效预防下肢深静脉血栓导致的肺栓塞,但长期留置可能导致相关并发症,对于高龄或者合并晚期肿瘤等、预期寿命有限的患者,永久性滤器仍是不错的选择.     

Experience of temporary inferior vena cava filters inserted in the perinatal period to prevent pulmonary embolism in pregnant women with deep vein thrombosis

OBJECTIVE: We placed temporary inferior vena cava filters to prevent pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) who were presumed to have an increased risk of pulmonary embolism in the perinatal period. These experiences of using temporary inferior vena cava filters in pregnant women are reported. METHODS: We reviewed 11 patients with DVT who underwent placement of a temporary inferior vena cava filter and delivered in our hospital between 1998 and 2004. All of the filters were placed at the suprarenal inferior vena cava before delivery. During filter placement, anticoagulant therapy was routinely performed, and we stopped the administration of anticoagulant agents intrapartum. RESULTS: No complications occurred at filter insertion or during placement. No symptomatic pulmonary thromboembolism occurred during or after delivery. All of the filters were successfully removed, one of which was exchanged for a permanent filter because the temporary filter captured a large thrombus. CONCLUSION: Intrapartum temporary inferior vena cava filters may reduce the incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnancy with DVT. Temporary inferior vena cava filters appear to be safe for pregnant women.     

Mid-term experience with the ALN retrievable inferior vena cava filter.

OBJECTIVE: To report the mid-term results of 63 patients who received a new commercially-available retrievable vena cava filter, ALN. METHODS: Between January 2001 and October 2005, 63 patients (mean age 65 +/- 15 years) underwent placement of ALN filters. Filter removal was performed when anti-thrombotic prophylaxis was considered unnecessary or when the patient could safely resume full anticoagulant therapy. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (55%) had ilio-femoral venous thrombosis and 28 patients (45%) had ilio-caval thrombosis. Overall, 49% had pulmonary embolism. Technical success for filter insertion was 100%, without any complications. None of the procedures aborted or was converted due to technical difficulties. After a median follow-up of 21-months (range 1-48, median 18), there were no cases of pulmonary embolism or vena cava thrombosis. Two patients died of a cause unrelated to deep venous thrombosis during the follow-up period, without clinical evidence of pulmonary embolism or filter-associated complications. No device migration was observed. There were 20 (31.7%) retrieval attempts: in 16 cases filters were retrieved successfully, but 4 cases were aborted. The mean implantation period of the retrieved filter was 179 days (range 53-370). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the clinical efficacy of the ALN filter for preventing potentially fatal pulmonary embolism whilst implanted and in absence of post-insertion complications, even when left in place indefinitely.     

Prevention of pulmonary embolism with the Günther filter

From 1987 to 1989 a Günther vena caval filter was implanted in the inferior caval vein in 37 patients to prevent pulmonary embolism. 20 patients had already suffered from lung emboli and full anticoagulation did not prevent reembolization (11) or was contra-indicated because of hemorrhagic complications (5) or recent operation (4). 17 patients had developed severe deep venous thrombosis with a free ending thrombus (15) as shown by phlebography and in 2 other patients of old age prophylaxis seemed indicated to prevent migration of the thrombi. This device can be inserted percutaneously via a 10-French introduction system. No local complications were observed. 3 patients showed an oedema of a leg 2 to 7 days after insertion with spontaneous regression. One patient had the filter 12 days after implantation completely obstructed by a new embolus that needed to be removed surgically. One patient had an acute caval obstruction 1 1/2 years after implantation. it could not be determined if this was due to new embolisation or to thrombosis of the filter. No pulmonary reembolization was observed. Even if long-term results with the Günther vena caval filter can not be reported yet, it seems to be a satisfactory device for preventing pulmonary embolism.     

Color Doppler Flow Imaging For Deep Venous Thrombosis Screening in Patients Undergoing Pelvic Lymphadenectomy and Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy for Prostatic Carcinoma

Patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy are traditionally considered to be at high risk for postoperative venous thromboembolic complications. A prospective deep venous thrombosis screening regimen was initiated at our medical center in 1990 following 2 cases of fatal pulmonary embolism that occurred after hospital discharge. During a 3-year period 245 consecutive patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer were screened postoperatively for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis using ultrasound duplex scanning with color Doppler flow imaging. The results were correlated only with the development of clinical deep venous thrombosis. No additional diagnostic modalities were used to confirm a normal venous system in asymptomatic patients.

Venous thromboembolic complications were encountered in 9 of the 245 patients (3.6 percent). In 2 patients deep venous thrombosis was associated with nonfatal pulmonary embolism. Only 2 of the 9 cases of deep venous thrombosis were detected by color Doppler flow imaging screening. The striking decrease in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis following radical prostatectomy in the last decade and the low yield of screening at a single point in time may warrant reconsideration of the need for deep venous thrombosis screening among patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer.     

腹腔镜术后下肢静脉血栓形成分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜术后下肢静脉血栓发生的原因和预防措施。方法：回顾分析2000年5月至2006年5月2 000余例各种腹腔镜术后出现的26例下肢静脉血栓患者的临床资料。结果：手术时间20-200min,15例下肢浅静脉血栓治疗5-7d后症状消失,复查彩色多普勒血栓消失,随访3-12个月无复发。11例髂—股及股深静脉、血栓,经抗凝治疗14-21d症状消失,随访12个月无复发。结论：腹腔镜术后下肢静脉血栓的发生与患者高危因素、CO2气腹、体位等密切相关,在围手术期应积极采取措施予以预防。     

Temporary inferior vena cava filter applied to 4 patients with urological disease

A temporary inferior vena cava (IVC) filter was placed in 4 patients. Patient 1 had an advanced testicular germ cell tumor with IVC tumor thrombosis, patient 2 presented with a large adrenal tumor with IVC tumor thrombosis, patient 3 was found to have deep vein thrombosis following grade 3b renal injury, and patient 4 was suffering severe SLE with renal vein thrombosis. The temporary inferior vena cava filter prevented pulmonary thromboembolism in all cases, and no adverse reaction was observed. Temporary inferior vena cava filter is safe and useful to prevent pulmonary thromboembolism associated with urological disorders.