胡桃夹食管36例特点分析

目的探讨伴有胃食管反流病的胡桃夹食管患者的临床表现及食管动力学特点。方法回顾分析并比较2002—2007年首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院消化内科收治的36例胡桃夹食管患者[其中伴胃食管反流病者11例(GERD组);不伴胃食管反流病者25例(non-GERD组)]的临床资料及食管动力学特点。结果临床症状发生率两组差异无统计学意义;在食管动力学检查上,两组LES松弛率差异有统计学意义,而LES压力、食管中下段蠕动波幅、时限及传导性蠕动比例等方面差异无统计学意义;两组DeMeester积分差异有统计学意义。结论食管压力测定及24 h动态pH监测是诊断胡桃夹食管及其是否伴有胃食管反流病的有效方法。     

滑动型食管裂孔疝患者食管24h pH、LES以及食管运动功能的研究

目的：探讨滑动型食管裂孔疝（HH）伴反流性食管炎（RE）和单纯反流性食管炎患者的食管动力学改变。方法：胃镜或上消化道钡餐确诊GERD患者62例，分为RE组32例和HH组30例，在X线透视下观察食管形态学、蠕动以及反流与廓清方式，同时监测食管24h pH和下食管括约肌（LES）压力及其松弛度，以及干、湿咽时食管蠕动的情况。结果：30例HH患者X线透视下均有食管粘膜增粗，头高脚低位下伴有食管钡剂反流现象，反流以抽吸型为主（80％），廓清以被动廓清为主，（36．67％）。LES静息压力为显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）；24h食管pH监测中总的卧位和立位反流时间百分比均显著低于对照组（P＜0．01），LES的长度各组间无明显差异。松弛率为33．33％，食管体部蠕动频率、波幅均较对照组低，间期明显延长。顺行性蠕动百分比较对照组明显降低（P＜0．05）。结论：HH可能是长期RE的结果，RE在HH发病中起重要的作用。     

滑动型食管裂孔疝患者高分辨率食管测压及阻抗-pH监测特点

目的应用高分辨率食管测压(HRM)及多通道腔内阻抗-pH监测技术(MII-pH)研究滑动型食管裂孔疝(HH)患者食管动力及胃食管反流的特点。方法将内镜诊断的滑动型食管裂孔疝患者连续入组,并进行HRM及MII-pH监测后分为短段HH不伴糜烂性食管炎组(HHs)、短段HH伴糜烂性食管炎组(HHs+EE)及长段HH伴糜烂性食管炎组(HHL+EE)。另外选取10名志愿者作为健康对照组(HC)。结果 8例HH患者及10例健康志愿者纳入研究(HHs:7,HHs+EE:15,HHL+EE:6,HC:10)。3组HH患者的LES长度、LES静息压、膈脚张力、有效蠕动比例均明显低于对照组,但长段与短段HH组间无显著性差异。HH患者各组食管酸暴露明显重于对照组,DeMeester评分HHL+EEHHs+EEHHs(P0.05)。HHL+EE组近端反流及卧位反流比例更高。结论滑动型食管裂孔疝患者食管动力障碍及病理性胃食管反流程度较对照组重,长段HH患者食管酸暴露、近端反流及卧位反流更重。     

滑动型食管裂孔疝伴反流性食管炎患者的食管动力学研究

目的：探讨滑动型食管裂孔疝（HH）伴反流性食管炎患者的食管动力学改变。方法：30例经胃镜检查确诊的HH患者,根据食管炎程度分为HH1（食管炎A－B组,n=18)和HH2组（食管炎C－D级,n=12),行食管钡餐检查证实为滑动型HH。在X线透视下观察食管粘膜增粗、狭窄、痉挛等形态学改变及反流与廓清方式,同时监测24h食管pH、食管下括约肌（LES）压力以及反流期间食管蠕动的频率、幅度等情况。结果：30例HH患者X线透视下均有食管粘膜增粗,反流以抽吸型为主（80．0％）,廓清以被动廓清为主（36．7％）。24h食管pH监测中,HH组患者的总反流时间、卧位和立位反流时间百分比均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,但HH1和HH2组间无显著差异;HH组患者的LES静息压力显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）,LES长度组间无明显差异。HH组患者反流期间的食管体部蠕动频率和幅度均较对照组低,新时期明显延长,HH2组患者的顺行性蠕动百分比亦较对照组明显降低（P＜0．05）。结论：HH患者以抽吸型反流和被动廓清为主。食管酸暴露程度与食管炎严重并无关。LES静息压降低、反流期间食管蠕动频率、幅度降低和间期延长可能在滑动型HH的发病中起重要作用。     

食管裂孔疝患者高分辨率食管测压的特点

目的:本研究通过高分辨率食管测压(high resolution esophageal manometry,HRM)方法分析食管裂孔疝患者食管动力变化的特点,为胃食管反流病的机制提供新的依据.方法:回顾性分析从2014-06/2015-04在中国人民解放军总医院消化动力中心行HRM且3mo内经胃镜诊断为食管裂孔疝的患者66例,其中,单纯食管裂孔疝患者35例,合并反流性食管炎者31例,另选取资料库中健康志愿者数据28例作为对照组,比较3组之间的临床资料和HRM数据.结果:35例单纯食管裂孔疝患者中,16例以反酸烧心为主诉前来就诊,12例以胸痛为主诉前来就诊,其余以吞咽困难、嗳气等症状前来就诊.行HRM后经2014新版芝加哥分型诊断,其中21例食管动力正常,4例有食管胃流出道梗阻,1例为重度食管动力障碍,9例为轻度食管动力障碍.31例合并反流性食管炎患者中,20例以反酸烧心为主诉前来就诊,6例以胸痛为主诉前来就诊,其余以吞咽困难、嗳气等症状前来就诊.行HRM后经2014新版芝加哥分型诊断,其中19例食管动力正常,2例有食管胃流出道梗阻,3例为重度食管动力障碍,10例为轻度食管动力障碍.以上结果在两组间的分布均无统计学差异(P0.05).食管裂孔疝组下食管括约肌(lower esophageal sphincter,LES)静息压平均值显著低于健康对照组(P=0.016),尤其是合并反流性食管炎组LES静息压显著低于健康对照组(13.43 mmHg±8.75 mmHg vs 21.66 mmHg±7.19 mmHg,P=0.004).上食管括约肌(upper esophageal sphincter,UES)压力3组间数据并无统计学差异(P=0.854).然而,食管裂孔疝组患者UES静息压异常的发生率,尤其是UES低压的发生率显著高于健康对照组(25.7%vs 3.6%,P=0.041).结论:40%以上的食管裂孔疝患者存在食管体部动力障碍.相比健康人群,食管裂孔疝导致患者LES静息压显著降低,UES低压的发生率显著增高.异常的食管体部动力和降低的上下食管括约肌压力,可能是食管裂孔疝患者发生胃食管反流相关症状,甚至出现食管黏膜损伤的关键因素.高分辨率食管测压可以提供有关食管裂孔疝食管动力学的准确全面的数据,对研究其病理机制、进一步诊断和评估治疗预后起指导作用.     

腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补术联合胃底折叠术联合胆囊切除术的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补术联合胃底折叠术联合胆囊切除术治疗食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胆囊结石患者的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院2012年8月至2016年8月,收治的27例行腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补术联合胃底折叠术联合胆囊切除术治疗食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胆囊结石患者的临床资料,其中单纯食管裂孔疝修补患者22例,生物补片修补患者2例,强生PHY补片修补患者1例,巴德补片修补患者1例,泰科食管裂孔疝专用防粘连补片修补患者1例。统计上述患者术前及术后6个月的24 h食管pH、食管测压、GERD-Q量表评分及术后并发症等,回顾性分析腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补术联合胃底折叠术联合胆囊切除术治疗食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胆囊结石的临床疗效。 结果本组患者无围手术期死亡,术后无严重并发症发生,术后患者反流症状均较术前明显改善,反流时间(1.40±2.10)h、反流次数(29.83±19.71)次、酸反流时间百分比(6.47±8.79)%、及DeMeester评分(7.28±7.38)分、GERD-Q量表评分(7.18±1.33)分较术前分别为(2.04±1.91)h、(120.40±82.72)次、(9.90±9.27)%、(28.23±42.16)分、(10.91±2.02)分明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后LES压力中的静息呼吸最小值为(7.24±6.86)mmHg,静息呼吸平均值为(12.91±6.89)mmHg,较术前分别为(0.70±6.15)mmHg、(7.33±7.72)mmHg明显提高,残余压平均值为(8.16±3.82)mmHg,最大值为(16.10±12.05)mmHg,较术前分别为(4.36±4.77)mmHg、(7.49±5.15)mmHg明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后松弛率(58.50±25.47)%]较术前[(62.27±27.55)%明显降低,但术后无效吞咽百分比(11.25±21.04)%较术前(6.36±10.26)%略有增加,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访中位数10个月,随访过程中无复发。 结论腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补术联合胃底折叠术联合胆囊切除术可有效抑制反流症状,提高LES压力,解决患者病痛,疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

正常人和胃食管反流病人的昼夜食管pH和动力变化

目的:为探讨正常人和胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)病人昼夜食管运动规律以及食管运动与酸反流的关系。方法:45例GERD病人和10名正常人均接受食管测压和动态食管pH及压力同步监测。结果:(1)下食管括约肌压、远端食管蠕动压及有效食管蠕动百分比在酸反流DeMeester高计分组明显低于低计分组(P<0.05),在反流性食管炎组也明显低于非反流性食管炎组(P<0.05)。(2)有GERD症状或食管炎的卧位有效蠕动百分比明显低于立位(P<0.05)。反流性食管炎组80％有夜间或伴有夜间反流,而不伴反流性食管炎的GERD无1例出现夜间反流。结论:昼夜食管pH和压力动态监测有利于进一步探讨GERD的运动病理,除LES功能外,食管清除功能在GERD发病中起重要作用。     

难治性与非难治性胃食管反流病食管动力比较

目的 :比较难治性胃食管反流病(RGERD)与非RGERD食管动力特点的差异。方法 :回顾分析2011年5月至2014年5月我院消化科进行高分辨率食管测压的GERD患者86例,其中RGERD组44例,非RGERD组42例,比较2组患者食管动力特点的差异。结果:RGERD组与非RGERD组食管下括约肌(LES)长度分别为(2.6±0.7)和(3.5±0.9)cm,LES静息压分别为(16.3±8.0)和(20.3±8.6)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),远端波波幅分别为(65.7±30.1)和(80.1±34.9)mmHg,食团内压(IBP)分别为(11.6±4.0)和(13.6±3.7)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(t=5.128、2.235、2.044、2.400,均P0.05)。2组小型蠕动中断百分比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:LES长度较短、LES静息压偏低、远端波波幅偏低、IBP偏低及小型蠕动中断百分比增加是RGERD的主要食管动力障碍,调控这些因素或许可以为RGERD的治疗提供新的方向。     

无效食管动力对伴呼吸道症状胃食管反流病发病机制及临床意义的研究

目的 观察伴有呼吸道症状的胃食管反流病(GERD)患者食管动力异常的类型及发生率,探讨无效食管动力(IEM)在其发病机制中的作用及临床意义.方法 应用多功能胃肠动力仪对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2005年1月至2007年1月收治的34例伴有哮喘、慢性咳嗽和咽喉部不适等呼吸道症状的GERD患者进行食管压力测定及24h食管动态pH监测,测定下食管括约肌(LES)压力、食管体部蠕动波幅、蠕动时限及蠕动速度,计算pH＜4的时间百分比,卧位及立位pH＜4的时间百分比,平均食管酸清除时间(pH＜4的时间/酸反流次数),算出DeMeester评分.结果 伴有呼吸道症状GERD组LES压力及食管近端、远端蠕动波幅与典型反流症状GERD组及正常对照组比差异无统计学意义;伴有呼吸道症状CERD组的食管动力异常类型主要表现为IEM,IEM发生率为41.2%,明显高于典型反流症状GERD组(18.5%)及正常对照组(0);在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者中,存在IEM组患者食管pH＜4的总时间百分比及立、卧位食管pH＜4的时间百分比均明显高于食管动力正常组;IEM组患者卧位食管酸清除时间(pH＜4的时间/酸反流次数)较食管动力正常组明显延长.结论 在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者中,IEM是其最常见的动力异常类型;IEM与食管内酸暴露总时间及立、卧位时间,卧位食管酸清除时间均密切相关,因此,IEM在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者的发病机制中起重要作用.     

食管运动功能在重度反流性食管炎中的地位

目的　通过对重度反流性食管炎(RE)治愈前后食管体部运动功能的研究,了解食管体部运动功能在重度RE中的地位。方法　对70例胃食管反流病患者进行食管压力测定。从中筛选23例重度RE(内镜诊断为洛杉矶C和D级食管炎);且24h食管内pH监测证实为病理性酸反流;食管压力测定证实有食管体部运动障碍患者。给予兰索拉唑30mg/d治疗3~6个月至内镜下食管炎完全愈合后,再行食管压力测定,观察下食管括约肌静息压(LESP)及食管体部运动功能的变化。以湿咽成功率、食管远端收缩波幅和食管蠕动的传导速度作为食管体部运动功能的指标。结果　食管炎治愈前后,LESP[ (6 00±0 86 )mmHg比(5 10±0 87)mmHg, 1kPa=7 5mmHg, P=0 476],食管远端收缩波幅[ (34 1±4 1)mmHg比(37 2±4 0)mmHg,P=0 593]、湿咽成功率[ (33 5±6 5)%比(38 6±7 1 )%,P=0 592 ]比较差异均无统计学意义,其均值仍显著低于正常对照组。结论　治愈食管炎并不能提高LESP及改善食管体部的运动功能。食管体部运动功能障碍和酸反流是RE的重要发病机制,尤其是重度RE。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.