供受体Rh血型不合肝移植的初步临床经验

肝移植(orthotopic liver transplantation,OLT)已经成为治疗终末期肝病的一种有效方法.但是,关于Rh血型不合的OLT,国内罕见报道.中国人民武装警察部队总医院2002年6月-2012年6月共完成1628例OLT,其中共实行了6例Rh血型不合的OLT,术后效果满意,报道如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料6例患者中,男4例,女2例;年龄16～66岁,中位年龄49岁.其中乙型肝炎后肝硬化3例,丙型肝炎后肝硬化1例,原发性胆汁性肝硬化1例,酒精性肝硬化1例.肝功能均为Child B～C级.其中4例Rh阴性患者接受Rh阳性供肝,2例Rh阳性患者接受Rh阴性供肝.     

ABO血型不合肝移植的研究进展

目的 总结ABO血型不合肝移植的研究进展.方法 复习、分析近年来有关ABO血型不合肝移植的文献报道.结果 随着近年来各种治疗手段的提高,血型不合肝移植的效果已得到很大改善.结论 通过有效的免疫抑制治疗和围手术期管理,ABO血型不合的肝移植是可行的.     

Rh阳性受者接受Rh阴性供肾肾移植长期存活两例报告

Rh血型系统是人类常见血型系统之一。中国人中Rh血型阴性者极少，约占1％，因此有关Rh血型不符的肾移植国内所积累的经验有限。目前Rh阴性受者接受Rh阳性供肾移植的个案报道较多，并认为其安全可行，     

肾上腺皮质激素联合输注供者同型洗涤红细胞治疗ABO血型不合肝移植溶血性贫血

目的探讨ABO血型不合肝移植术后过客淋巴细胞综合征(PLS)应用肾上腺皮质激素(激素)联合输注供者同型洗涤红细胞的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1例ABO血型为A型Rh(D)阳性受者接受ABO血型为O型Rh(D)阳性供肝肝移植术后发生PLS并继发溶血性贫血的临床资料。结果受者术后血红蛋白呈下降趋势,总胆红素明显升高,血液中检测出抗A抗体得以确诊。经输注O型洗涤红细胞,应用激素、免疫球蛋白治疗后贫血明显改善,并获得临床痊愈。结论 ABO血型不合肝移植后受者出现不明原因贫血应考虑PLS所致的溶血性贫血,及时应用激素联合输注供者同型洗涤红细胞治疗可获得良好预后。     

高致敏Rh阴性受者二次接受Rh阳性供肾移植一例

正近年来,随着Rh血型不合肾移植的开展,如何确保术后移植肾长期存活已成为肾移植领域的重要课题[1]。我国Rh阴性血型较罕见,故Rh阴性肾移植受者寻找同型供肾非常困难。近年来,国内部分移植中心已有多例关于Rh阴性受者成功接受Rh阳性供肾移植的报道[1-2],但群体反应性抗体(panel reactive antibody,PRA)高敏Rh阴性受者二次接受Rh阳性供肾移植国内尚未见报道。本研究回顾性     

ABO血型不合的供肝在肝移植中的应用

目的 探讨AB0血型不合的供肝肝移植后的临床治疗措施、疗效及预后.方法 2004年1月至2008年1月接受原位肝移植的2188例患者中,有16例为ABO血型不合的肝移植.术前及术后监测此16例患者的血液凝集素效价;术后采用四联免疫抑制方案抗排斥反应;术中有5例行脾切除.术后观察受者的肝功能、急性排斥反应、血管和胆道并发症及术后存活率.结果 患者围手术期死亡率为25%(4/16),半年存活率为75%(12/16),1年存活率为37.5%(6/16).术后发生急性排斥反应3例、感染5例、多器官功能衰竭1例和胆道并发症1例.结论 ABO血型不合的肝移植多在紧急状况下实施,患者预后不佳.通过术前及术后综合防治措施,可以减少术后排斥反应的发生.提高存活率.     

中药预防性治疗母婴血型不合

总结我院近20年来母婴血型不合112例(ABO 91例,Rh 21例)服用中药新溶Ⅰ号的临床效果。112例分为服药组(研究组)74例,对照组38例。结果表明预防服药明显降低了围产儿死亡率,服药组围产儿死亡率为14‰,对照组105‰,死亡病例均发生在 Rh 血型不合组,其中服药组围产死亡率77‰,对照组为500‰。此药能减轻溶血程度,ABO 血型不合服药组中重度溶血病例占6%,对照组为25%。Rh 血型不合服药组中重度溶血50%,对照组为80%。结果还表明服药期限与治疗效果相关,全部病例中服药期限>10周的重度溶血占12%,服药期限<10周占41%。中药对母血清免疫抗体效价在整个孕期没有升高或有不同程度下降。目前分析表明本药不但对预防 ABO 母婴血型不合有效,而且对 Rh 母婴血型不合也同样有预防性治疗效果。中药新溶Ⅰ号服用方便,无副作用,值得进一步深入研究。     

酶介导的血型转换的研究进展

肝移植已成为治疗终末期肝病患者的有效治疗手段,但器官短缺或急性肝功能衰竭时,供、受体ABO血型不合使相当多的患者失去救治机会.根据供/受体ABO血型配合情况,可将器官移植分为ABO血型相同、ABO血型相符和ABO血型不合.血型不合患者器官移植与同血型器官移植相比具有更高的的危险性.Reding等对70例急诊肝移植患者进行了观测,发现16例ABO血型不合患者移植肝的1年存活率仅为19％.另据Sanchez-Urdazpal等报道,18例ABO血型不合的肝移植者术后胆道并发症的发生率为82％（血型相符组为6％）、肝动脉血栓的发生率为24％、细胞性排斥反应的发生率为65％（血型相符组为28％）,患者1年存活率仅为44％（血型相符组为78％）.     

肝移植中应用ABO血型不合供肝的初步经验

目的 探讨急诊状况下ABO血型不合肝移植的疗效及其预后影响因素.方法 410例原位肝移植中有8例为ABO血型不合的急诊肝移植,其中受体血型O型5例、非O型3例.术后以四联免疫抑制剂抗排斥反应,观察受体急性排斥反应、血管、胆道并发症、感染和肝肾功能情况.结果 患者半年存活率为50%,围手术期死亡率为50%.受体血型O型和非O型、MELD（model for end-stage liver disease）评分＜30分和≥30分、CTP（Child-Turcotte-Pugh）评分＜13分和≥13分、重型肝炎和非重型肝炎、脾切除和非脾切除患者的半年存活率分别为80%和0%、50%和33%、75%和25%、25%和75%、33%和60%.术后并发症有：急性排斥反应1例;胆漏1例;肝叶坏死和肝脓肿2例;肾功能衰竭2例;感染6例（2例为曲霉菌感染）.结论 ABO血型不合肝移植预后不佳,围手术期死亡率高,因此仅适用于无法及时获得合适供肝的急诊肝移植.     

Rh血型阴性尿毒症患者接受Rh阳性亲属活体供肾移植一例

我科近期收治 1例Rh血型阴性尿毒症患者 ,接受Rh阳性同胞弟弟活体供肾移植 ,获得成功 ,现报告如下。患者为男性 ,33岁 ,诊断慢性肾功能不全 1年余 ,于2 0 0 3年 2月 2 1日行活体供肾移植。患者的ABO血型为A型 ,Rh阴性。供者为其同胞弟弟 ,2 8岁 ,ABO血型为A型 ,Rh阳性 ,其自身情况适合提供活体供肾。供、受者HLA配型完全吻合 ,淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验为 0 .0 2。取供者的左肾 ,以高渗枸橼酸盐腺嘌呤液 (HC A)液 5 0 0ml充分灌洗至流出液清亮。供肾热缺血时间 1min ,冷缺血时间 2h。供肾移植于受者右侧髂窝 ,开放血流后肾脏颜色鲜红 …     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.