粗野粉蝇的DNA条形码和形态鉴定

目的应用DNA条形码与形态分类相结合鉴定中山口岸入境船舶截获的雌性蝇类。方法 2015年3月26日,在中山小榄港口岸对截获的爱尔兰进口废旧瓦楞纸箱中的雌性蝇类进行DNA条形码与形态鉴定;与相似种伪粗野粉蝇进行形态与DNA条形码的比较。结果所截获的蝇类为雌性粗野粉蝇;粗野粉蝇与伪粗野粉蝇在形态上的区别较细微,而在658 bp的DNA条形码序列上有32个核苷酸的差异,差异高达4.86%,远大于DNA条形码2%的种判断界限。结论应用DNA条形码与形态分类相结合方法可以准确快速鉴定蝇类。     

河南口岸截获未知蝇种细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因分析

目的应用DNA条形码技术对河南口岸截获的1只形态不完整的未知蝇类进行鉴定。方法利用以细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)为目的基因的DNA条形码技术,对该未知蝇类基因组DNA进行扩增、序列比对和分析。结果通过DNA条形码鉴定和序列比对,该未知蝇类的DNA条形码序列与BOLD中绯颜裸金蝇的序列同源性高达100%,确认该蝇种为绯颜裸金蝇。结论 DNA条形码技术弥补了传统形态学鉴定的局限性,在国境口岸医学媒介生物鉴定中有广阔的应用前景。     

中山口岸截获国内未见分布染色硬翅蠊的鉴定

目的通过准确地鉴定中山口岸入境船舶截获的蜚蠊,为今后口岸鉴定该种蜚蠊提供参考依据。方法2017年2月24日在中山口岸截获的圭亚那进口原木中截获1只雄性蜚蠊,对其进行形态鉴定及描述,获取其DNA条形码序列并提交至GenBank。结果经形态鉴定,该雄性蜚蠊为染色硬翅蠊,隶属于蜚蠊目姬蠊科。经科技文献查新,确认为我国未见分布种且为国内口岸首次截获。结论 DNA条形码是形态鉴定的强有力补充,DNA条形码数据库有待完善和补充,应用形态鉴定和DNA条形码相结合可准确快速地鉴定外来蜚蠊。     

新截获中国未见分布种杜比亚丽蝇形态和DNA条形码鉴定

目的利用DNA条形码技术鉴定外来媒介生物,提高物种鉴定的速度与准确度。方法对2013年9月在中山神湾口岸截获来自澳大利亚的丽蝇进行形态与DNA条形码鉴定,通过与澳大利亚的蝇类专家进行标本交流,进一步确认鉴定结果;并与相似种螳丽蝇进行形态与DNA条形码上的比较。结果通过形态观察与DNA条形码鉴定,所截获的丽蝇为杜比亚丽蝇;经科技查新,确认为中国未见分布种。结论 DNA条形码是传统形态分类的有力补充,对在国境卫生检验检疫工作中及时鉴定媒介生物,减少媒介生物本身及其携带病原体的扩散,减少对公共卫生的安全威胁起到重要作用。     

上海口岸截获的科罗丽蝇形态及北美13种丽蝇检索（双翅目）：丽姆科

目的 为获得上海口岸截获的科罗丽蝇的形态特征与检索表。方法 形态学分类。结果 根据截获标本描述了该种类的主要形态特征,提供了截获标本所绘制的雄性尾器图,并将北美13种常见丽蝇种的特征做了检索。结论 蝇类可随空箱入境,提供的形态特征及检索表可供截获丽蝇分类鉴定作参考。     

应用DNA条形码技术鉴定未知双翅目蛹

目的建立应用DNA条形码技术鉴定未知病媒种类的方法,尤其是非成虫态虫体或者肢体残缺个体的DNA条形码鉴定的方法和技术,以缩短鉴定周期。方法提取从英国进口废纸中截获的双翅目单只蛹基因组DNA,利用多细胞无脊椎动物线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I(COI)的通用引物进行DNA扩增。PCR产物直接从两端测序,测序引物同扩增引物,序列经拼接后得到清晰可读的709bp COI基因片段碱基序列。同时将截获的同批蛹的其他个体在实验室内孵化成成虫进行形态学鉴定,并抽提孵化的成虫的基因组DNA,扩增其COI基因片段,测序并与蛹的序列进行比较。与GenBank中的序列进行同源性比对,并用Clustal W2在线建立AD系统发育树。结果未知种类的蛹和Genbank中红头丽蝇Calliphora vicina的COI DNA序列(包括引物序列)99.4%相同。蛹化成虫形态鉴定为红头丽蝇,孵化后的成虫的DNA条形码数据与蛹的数据完全相符。结论根据结果可以判断所截获的未知种类的蛹为红头丽蝇Calliphora vicina。本文的研究证明了DNA条形码技术是一种快捷准确的种类鉴定方法,尤其是运用在非成虫态的种类鉴定上。     

基于COⅠ基因的媒介蝇类快速分子鉴定研究

目的 为解决蝇类形态学鉴定的不足,建立基于细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ（COⅠ）基因的DNA条形码技术对蝇类进行分子鉴定。方法 选取烟台口岸常见的16只蝇类作为研究对象,形态学鉴定后,取蝇的单后足代表微量组织,提取总DNA。依据资料,选取COⅠ国际通用引物LCO1490：5′-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3′,HCO2198：5′-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3′,建立PCR体系,完善PCR程序,有效扩增蝇类的COⅠ基因。纯化PCR产物后进行序列测定和比对。此外,应用Mega5.05软件分别用最大似然法、邻接法、最大简约法分析系统发育,构建系统发育树比较进化关系。结果 16只蝇类COⅠ基因扩增片段长度为690 bp,其中A＋T平均含量高达68.53%。序列比对结果及系统进化关系显示,16只蝇类COⅠ基因的分子鉴定与形态学鉴定结果一致。结论 应用DNA条形码技术可成功扩增蝇类的COⅠ基因,其分子鉴定与形态学鉴定结果完全一致,尤其适用于微量组织样本的鉴定。     

DNA条形码技术在鉴定蛆症异蚤蝇中的应用

目的:建立应用DNA条形码技术鉴定蛆症异蚤蝇的方法。方法:分别提取在口岸检疫中截获的双翅目幼虫和成虫的基因组DNA,利用节肢动物线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I(COI)的通用引物进行DNA扩增。PCR产物直接测序,测序引物同扩增引物,得到清晰可读的665 bp COI的DNA片段碱基序列。与GenBank中相近的序列进行比较,并用ClustalW2在线建立NJ系统发育树。结果:成虫和幼虫COI的DNA序列100%相同,与GenBank中公布的长度为559 bp的蛆症异蚤蝇的COI相应片段相似性高达98.9%,与同属其他种类的可比片段的DNA序列相似性则低于90%。结论:根据结果可以判断所截获的双翅目昆虫为蛆症异蚤蝇。本文的研究再一次证明了DNA条形码技术可以直接应用于昆虫种类的鉴定。     

DNA条形码技术在福建省蝇类鉴定中的应用

目的探讨DNA条形码技术应用于福建省蝇类鉴定的可行性,并初步建立福建省蝇类的基因数据库。方法采集自福建省部分地区的4科13属19种64个蝇类新鲜标本,提取基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,序列测序,并进行同源性对比、进化距离分析,构建系统进化树。结果基因序列分析结果显示,上述蝇类mt DNA上细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因序列的种内进化分歧均数在0～3.32%之间;除铜绿蝇与丝光绿蝇进化分歧均数为0.69%外,其余种间进化分歧均数在5.26%～18.30%之间;系统进化树分析显示,相同种能够很好聚集在一起,Bootstrap检验可信度均达96%以上。结论DNA条形码技术可用于福建省一些常见蝇类的鉴定,作为形态学鉴定的补充手段。     

利用DNA条形码技术鉴定陕西口岸输入性鼠类

目的利用DNA条形码技术鉴定在入境航空器中截获的1只鼠类。方法提取截获鼠类的肝脏DNA,通过PCR方法扩增细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(cytochromecoxidase I,CO I)基因并测序。将测序结果进行比对分析,从而鉴定物种。结果成功扩增到该鼠类样本的CO I基因,通过序列对比和系统进化分析,显示该鼠序列与黄胸鼠同源性为100%,鉴定为黄胸鼠。结论 DNA条形码技术在啮齿动物鉴定中应用良好,是一种简单、快速、高效的鼠类鉴定方法 。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.