二甲双胍缓释片人体药代动力学及其相对生物利用度

目的 研究国产盐酸二甲双胍缓释片在人体药代动力学行为并与普通片进行等效性评价比较,并估算其药代动力学参数。方法 20名受试者分两组交叉服用缓释片和普通片,用RP-HPLC法测定血浆中药物浓度,并估算相应的药动学参数。结果 单剂量口服1000mg缓释片和普通片后估算的AUC_0-24分别为11.95±2.62μg·h^-1·ml^-1和10.72±2.23μg·h^-1·ml^-1;C_max分别为1.50±0.22μg·ml^-1和2.34±0.30μg·ml^-1;T_max分别为3.38±0.8h和1.61±0.32h;t_1/2分别为4.94±0.47h和3.20±0.38h;多剂量1000mg·d^-1时AUC_ss分别为15.04±3.01μg·h^-1·ml^-1和14.51±2.69μg·h^-1·ml^-1;C_max分别为1.68±0.25μg·ml^-1和1.60±0.26μg·ml^-1;C_min分别为0.15±0.03μg·ml^-1和0.12±0.04μg·ml^-1;Cav分别为0.62±0.13μg·ml^-1和0.61±0.11μg·ml^-1;T_max分别为3.61±0.60h和1.88±0.38h;AUC_0-24和AUC_ss经对数转换后方差分析和双单侧t检验，显示两制剂吸收程度生物等效。结论受试制剂和参比制剂吸收程度生物等效，但具有缓释特性。盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的相对生物利用度单剂量时为（111.5±8.3）%，多剂量时为（103.6±9.2）%。     

HPLC法测定国产洛索洛芬钠片人体相对生物利用度

目的 建立人血浆中洛索洛芬钠浓度的HPLC测定方法,研究健康受试者口服国产洛索洛芬钠片的药代动力学,以进口洛索洛芬钠片作为参比制剂,计算两制剂的相对生物利用度,判断两种制剂是否等效。方法 血浆样品加入内标后经三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白、涡旋、离心,吸取上清液进样。色谱柱为Shimadzu VP-ODS(150mm×4.6mm i.d.,5μm C₁₈),流动相为0.05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾-甲醇(27∶73)(v/v),紫外检测波长230nm。测定了20名受试者单剂量口服两种洛索洛芬钠片60mg后血药浓度时间过程。结果 最低检测浓度0.2μg·ml^-1,回收率大于80%,日间和日内的变异系数小于10.5%,线性范围为0.2～12.0μg·ml^-1(r=0.9998),符合生物样品分析的要求。主要药动学参数分别为:国产洛索洛芬钠片:t_1/2为1.39±0.15h,AUC_0-6h 10.71±1.45μg·h·ml^-1,C_max7.23±1.02μg·ml^-1,t_max0.4±0.1h；参比制剂t_1/2为1.41±0.15h,AUC_0-6h 10.46±1.32μg·h·ml^-1,C_max7.49±1.26μg·ml^-1,t_max0.4±0.1h。结论 建立的HPLC法简单快速，定量可靠准确，适合于洛索洛芬钠临床研究。洛索洛芬钠受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（103.2±15.1）%。经统计学分析，两制剂生物等效。     

普卢利沙星片的健康人体药动学

目的 健康志愿受试者口服普卢利沙星片后,测定血浆中其活性代谢物(UFX)并作药动学研究。方法 10名受试者分别单剂量和多剂量稳态时服用普卢利沙星片(相当于200 mg UFX),采集血浆和尿液样品,液相色谱分离荧光检测UFX浓度,3P97软件计算药动学参数。结果 单剂量时测得UFX的主要药动学参数分别为c_max(1.64±0.29)μg·ml^-1,t_max(0.7±0.2)h,AUC_0-36(6.87±1.78)h·μg·ml^-1,AUC_0-∞(7.14±1.79)h·μg·ml^-1,t_1/2(7.54±0.59)h,MRT(8.76±0.65)h;0～36 h尿液累积排泄量为(56.85±9.12)%。稳态时测得UFX的主要药动学参数分别为c_max(1.26±0.41)μg·ml^-1,t_max(0.8±0.3)h,AUC_0-36(7.77±2.73)h·μg·ml^-1,AUC_0-∞(8.10±2.70)h·μg·ml^-1,t_1/2(7.71±1.13)h,MRT(9.85±1.40)h。结论 健康志愿受试者口服普卢利沙星片后,在体内转化为活性代谢物(UFX)发挥作用,主要经尿液排泄。每日2次,每次2片(相当于200mg UFX),在体内无积蓄。男女健康受试者的主要药动学参数无显著性差异。     

高效液相色谱法测定苯磺酸氨氯地平分散片的含量

目的 用高效液相色谱法测定苯磺酸氨氯地平分散片的含量。方法 采用ODS色谱柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm,phnomenex),甲醇-0.03 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(65∶35)为流动相,检测波长为237 nm。结果 苯磺酸氨氯地平在49.34μg·ml^-1～91.62μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的相关性,相关系数为0.9996,平均回收率为99.91%,RSD为0.76%,平均含量为101.6%,RSD为0.56%(n=6)。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸利多卡因注射液的含量

目的 建立紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸利多卡因注射液中盐酸利多卡因和薄荷脑的含量。方法 盐酸利多卡因采用以水为空白,检测波长为261 nm。薄荷脑采用以阴性对照液加显色剂为空白,检测波长为507 nm。结果 盐酸利多卡因在200μg·ml^-1～450μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为102.1%,RSD为1.80%(n=9)。薄荷脑在1.6μg·ml^-1～6.4μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为98.5%,RSD为1.70%(n=9)。结论 本方法简便、快捷、准确、可靠。     

HPLC法测定通宝胶囊中肉桂酸的含量

目的 测定通宝胶囊中肉桂酸的含量。方法 采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:Zorbox C₁₈(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.5%冰醋酸(40∶60);流量:0.6 ml·min^-1;检测波长:276 nm。结果 肉桂酸在1.67～26.69μg·ml^-1内有良好线性,线性方程为:A=130.8c+3.6(μg·ml^-1),r=0.9999。结论 此方法简便快速,结果准确可靠。     

RP-HPLC法测定甲硝唑氯霉素凝胶中2种成分的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定甲硝唑氯霉素凝胶制剂中甲硝唑、氯霉素含量的方法。方法 用ODS-C₁₈柱;流动相为甲醇水(50∶50);检测波长277nm。结果 甲硝唑的线性范围:19.94～179.5μg·ml^-1(r=0.9998),平均回收率100.8%,RSD为1.67%;氯霉素的线性范围:20.30～182.7μg·ml^-1(r=0.9998),平均回收率98.2%,RSD为1.50%。结论 本方法分离度好,快速,简便。     

RP-HPLC法测定斑蝥素脂肪乳剂中斑蝥素的含量

目的　首次建立RP HPLC法测定斑蝥素脂肪乳剂中斑蝥素的含量。方法　采用C18柱 ,甲醇 水系统为流动相 ,梯度洗脱 ,紫外检测器 (检测波长为 2 2 7nm ,灵敏度为 0 0 0 5AUFS) ,对斑蝥素脂肪乳剂中斑蝥素进行含量测定。结果　样品处理简单 ,且能将斑蝥素与脂肪乳中的油脂、磷脂等主要杂质分离出来 ,斑蝥素在 2 0 8～ 31 2 μg·ml-1范围内峰面积与浓度线性关系良好 (r=0 994 ) ,最低可定量浓度为 1 0 4 μg·ml-1,样品回收率为 94 8%以上 ,进样精密度为 1 0 2 % (n =5 )。结论　该法测定脂肪乳样品分离效果好 ,回收率高 ,可作为斑蝥素脂肪乳剂质量控制方法。     

大豆苷元对氨茶碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响

摘 要 目的:研究大豆苷元对氨茶碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法: 采用HPLC方法测定大豆苷元和氨茶碱合并给药组与氨茶碱单独给药组茶碱在大鼠体内的血药浓度,比较两者的药动学参数。结果:①茶碱在0.2～20.0 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为0.2μg·ml^-1,低中高3个浓度的绝对回收率分别为（86.7±4.2）%、（90.5±3.4）%和（92.4±4.6）%,相对回收率均大于90%,日间和日内精密度RSD分别小于8.94%、9.01%;②大豆苷元和氨茶碱合并给药组和单独给药组药动学参数分别为：半衰期（t_{1/2）为(123.63±18.23)和(133.94±11.20)min,曲线下面积（AUC(0-∞)）为(1 861.03±511.23)和(2 075.41±720.96) μg·min·ml^-1,AUC(0-8)为（1 749.71±376.68）和（1 963.34±475.84）μg·min·ml^-1,达峰浓度Cmax为(10.35±0.95)和(10.23±0.82)μg·ml^-1;③合并给药组较单独给药组的主要药动学参数峰值Cmax相似,t1/2、AUC有一定降低,但差异无统计学意义。结论:大豆苷元对氨茶碱在大鼠体内的药动学无明显影响。}     

HPLC法同时测定尿多酸肽注射液中4-羟基苯乙酸及5-羟基吲哚乙酸的含量

目的 以HPLC法同时测定尿多酸肽注射液中4-羟基苯乙酸及5-羟基吲哚乙酸的含量。方法 采用Mightysil RP-C₁₈(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,以1%的甲酸溶液为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流量1ml·min^-1,检测波长282nm。结果 4-羟基苯乙酸在1.0～140.0μg·ml^-1范围内,色谱峰面积与对照品浓度呈现良好的线性关系,r=1.000;平均回收率为100.7%(RSD为0.6%,n=9)。5-羟基吲哚乙酸在0.1～20.0μg·ml^-1范围内,色谱峰面积与对照品浓度呈现良好的线性关系,r=1.000;平均回收率为99.7%(RSD为0.6%,n=9)。结论 该方法灵敏度高,准确,选择性、重复性好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.