锁骨上神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为锁骨上神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 2侧成人标本上 ,观测锁骨上神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血。结果 :锁骨上神经的血供近侧段 (颈丛根 )来源于颈升动脉神经支 ,起始处外径为 0 .8± 0 .3mm ;中段来源于颈横动脉筋膜皮支 ,起点外径为 1.2± 0 .3mm ;远侧段来源于胸肩峰动脉肩峰支 ,起始处外径为 1.5± 0 .4mm。其神经支在神经束间和神经旁相互吻合成纵行血管网 ,并借分支与筋膜皮支构成丰富的皮下筋膜血管网。结论 :以锁骨上神经及其营养血管为蒂可形成锁骨上神经筋膜皮瓣 ,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损 ;并有设计游离皮瓣的条件 ,可行皮瓣游离移植。     

吻合臂内侧皮神经及其血管筋膜皮瓣的解剖与临床

目的:为带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:臂内侧皮神经的血供为尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支,起始处外径分别为1.0mm、0.6mm和0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长为1.5cm、1.1cm和1.2cm。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与筋膜皮支所形成的皮下筋膜血管网沟通。结论:可设计成带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支,起始处外径为0.8mm,穿出筋膜前长度为1.1cm;中段主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支,起始处外径均为0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长度均为1.0cm;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支,起始处外径为0.9mm,穿出深筋膜前长为2.6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮(穿)支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论:可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂的前臂内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法　在 32侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的血供情况。结果　前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .8mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度为 1.1cm ;中部主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支 ,起始处外径均为 0 .7mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长为 2 .6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮穿支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论　可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜上瓣 ,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

以皮神经及营养血管为蒂臂内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带臂内侧以神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法：在３２侧成人上肢标本上,观测臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果：臂内侧皮神经的血供来自尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支,起始处外径分别为１．０ｍｍ、０．６ｍｍ和０．７ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长为１．５ｃｍ、１．１ｃｍ和１．２ｃｍ。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与筋膜     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用提供形态学基础.方法:在32例成人上肢标本上,观测了桡神经浅支浅段及其营养血管、以及该血管与筋膜皮肤的供血关系.结果:桡神经浅交浅段的血供主要来自桡动脉的肌皮支或皮支,其中以桡动脉显露段的粗大皮支,鼻咽壶段的茎突返支及虎口区的皮动脉较为恒定,起点外径分别为0.8mm、0.7mm及0.6mm:穿出深筋膜前长分别为0.8cm、1.1cm及0.5cm.皮动脉的神经支在神经旁或神经干内相互沟通形成纵向链状血管网,并借吻合支与皮动脉筋膜皮支构成的皮下血管网、筋膜血管网等连接.结论:可设计成带桡神经浅支及其营养血管的顺行或逆行筋膜皮瓣,转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损.     

前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的:为前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法:30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂后皮神经营养血管的来源、分支、吻合及其与尺、桡骨膜血管的关系。结果:前臂后皮神经营养血管来自:桡侧副动脉皮支2～6支,外径(0.6±0.3) mm;骨间后动脉皮支6～9支,外径(0.7±0.3) mm;骨间前动脉腕背支皮支3~5支,外径(0.8±0.2) mm;尺、桡动脉腕背支皮支2~6支,外径(0.6±0.1) mm。尺骨中上段骨膜血管来自骨间后动脉的肌骨膜支6～8支,外径0.3～1.0 mm;骨间后动脉桡侧骨皮支与桡骨中段裸区骨膜血管吻合。上述支发出皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支和神经营养血管,形成皮神经干血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论:前臂后皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,其远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,适宜手背远处的组织缺损修复。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 8侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上解剖观测腓肠神经及营养血管的起始、走行、分支分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜下肢标本墨汁灌注观察营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :腓肠神经由腓肠内侧皮神经与腓神经交通支汇合而成 ,其汇合点在外踝上 12 .7± 3 .7cm ,腓肠神经沿窝中点至外踝与跟腱中点连线下行 ,外踝上 12 .6± 3 .4cm处穿出深筋膜。其营养血管主要来源于窝中间皮动脉和腓动脉肌间隔穿支 ,上段起始部外径 0 .6± 0 .1mm ,下段距外踝上 6.7± 1.6cm处与腓动脉穿支恒定吻合 ,吻合支外径 0 .6± 0 .1mm ,沿途发出众多筋膜皮支营养小腿后部皮肤。结论 :以腓肠神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣。     

髂腹股沟神经皮支营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为髂腹股沟神经皮支及其营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法:在27侧经红色乳胶液灌注的会阴及下肢标本上解剖观测髂腹股沟神经皮支及其营养血管的来源、走行、分布、吻合及外径,2侧成人新鲜标本灌注墨汁,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果:髂腹股沟神经来源于第1腰神经腹侧支,其皮支从腹股沟管浅环穿深筋膜,穿出点横径为(1.89±0.47)mm,穿出时位于精索或子宫圆韧带下方。髂腹股沟神经皮支营养血管主要来源于阴部外浅动脉的升支、降支及股内侧支,并沿途发出皮支营养周围皮肤。结论:可以设计以髂腹股沟神经营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣。     

The panniculus carnosus muscle: an evolutionary enigma at the intersection of distinct research fields

The panniculus carnosus is a thin striated muscular layer intimately attached to the skin and fascia of most mammals, where it provides skin twitching and contraction functions. In humans, the panniculus carnosus is conserved at sparse anatomical locations with high interindividual variability, and it is considered of no functional significance (most possibly being a remnant of evolution). Diverse research fields (such as anatomy, dermatology, myology, neuroscience, surgery, veterinary science) use this unique muscle as a model, but several unknowns and misconceptions remain in the literature. In this article, we review what is currently known about panniculus carnosus structure, development, anatomical location, response to environmental stimuli and potential function(s), with the aim of putting together the evidence arising from the different research communities and raising interest in this unique muscle, which we postulate as an ideal model for both vascular and muscular research.     

Cutaneous Botryomycosis of the Foot: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Botryomycosis is a chronic bacterial infection that manifests clinically as tumours or plaques that are often ulcerated and have discharging sinuses draining small white-coloured granules. Therefore, they closely mimic mycetoma or other fungal infections. It is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It can present as cutaneous or visceral disease. The cutaneous form can invade deep tissue leading to extensive destruction and disfigurement. A 31-year-old female presented with progressive swelling of her right foot over a period of 8 years. She had a disfigured right foot with multiple sinuses discharging pus. X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging of the foot showed invasion and destruction of the deep layers of the foot including the bone. Deep biopsy from the foot showed an abscess cavity with Gram-positive cocci within and bacterial culture grew S. aureus establishing the diagnosis of botryomycosis. Botryomycosis is a rare presentation of a common pathogen and needs to be considered while evaluating a chronic invasive subcutaneous infection.     

大腿前中区皮瓣游离移植解剖学基础

用30例成人下肢研究了大腿前中区的皮血管,发现分布于该区的主要皮血管为缝匠肌内、外侧缘肌间隙浅出的缝匠肌内缘皮血管和外缘皮血管。本文对这些皮血管的来源、出现率、起始部位、穿深筋膜部位及外径等进行了观察。     

股部皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为股部皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：８侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本，解剖观测股部主要皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围；２侧成人新鲜下肢标本经墨汁灌注，皮肤脱水透明后观测各皮神经营养血管的分支分布及吻合。结果：①股外侧皮神经有营养动脉２～６支，超始外径１．０±０．４ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧４．１ｃｍ，外侧５．９ｃｍ；②股前皮神经有营养动脉１～５支，外径１．０±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧２．４ｃｍ，外侧３．４ｃｍ；③股后皮神经有营养动脉１～３支，外径０．９±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧３．９ｃｍ，外侧３．２ｃｍ。结论：以股部各主要皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可沿其皮神经走行设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

Axillary vein perforation by the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Variation in the venous pattern in the arm is common. In this study, a rare variant of the axillary vein and its association with the median cutaneous nerve of the forearm is described. In the axilla, the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm penetrated the axillary vein, thereby creating two narrow venous channels at the site of passage. Such variations are important because a large number of diagnostic and therapeutic invasive procedures are carried out on veins. A possible mode of origin and the clinical importance of this variation are discussed.     

股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的应用解剖与神经卡压综合征

目的：研究股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的位置及变异情况.方法：取20例成年国人尸体,男13例,女7例.大体解剖出双侧股外侧皮神经的骨盆出口处的骨纤维管道,测量股外侧皮神经的横径,以髂前上棘为基点,测量股外侧皮神经及其纤维管道的位置.结果：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点介于髂前上棘后2 cm以远与腹股沟韧带外1/3之间.结论：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点存在变异,55.0%经髂前上棘前（内）侧、腹股沟韧带（外1/3）的深面出骨盆.     

Breakdown of tolerance to the intestinal bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

In this study biopsies from skin lesions and draining lymph nodes of patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major were examined by immunohistochemistry, and by light and electron microscopy to identify the types of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and their location. APC, identified morphologically and by their expression of specific cell markers, included Langerhans cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and interdigitating reticulum cells of the paracortex of lymph nodes. These cells expressed MHC class II antigens and contained Leishmania antigen. Since some keratinocytes and endothelial cells also showed these characteristics, they may also act as APC. By examining tissue samples from skin lesions and draining lymph nodes it was possible to follow the probable route of trafficking of various inflammatory cells between the skin lesion and lymph nodes. Leishmania antigen containing Langerhans cells were found in the epidermis, dermis and the regional lymph nodes. We believe these cells translocate from the epidermis to the dermis, where they take up antigen and migrate to the paracortex of the regional lymph nodes. There they are intimately associated with cells of the paracortex, and could be involved in the generation of Leishmania-specific T memory cells. LFA-1 -positive T cells of the CD45RO phenotype were found in the skin lesion. Venular endothelium in the skin lesions expressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is the ligand for LFA-1. The migration of lymphocytes from the vascular lumen to the site of inflammation is possibly a result of the interaction of these two adhesion molecules.     

带蒂股后皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：报道股后皮神经营养血管带蒂皮瓣的解剖特点与临床应用疗效。方法：在10侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本上，解剖观测股后皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围，设计股后皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转移修复腘窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损6例。结果：股后皮神经营养血管主要来源臀下动脉、穿动脉和腘动脉后侧穿支的升皮支，并在股后区形成网状吻合营养股后侧皮肤。皮瓣5例全部成活，1例皮瓣远端少量坏死，换药后愈合。经12～44个月随访，皮瓣无破溃，膝、髋关节功能活动良好。结论：股后皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位是一种修复腘窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损良好的方法。