宜昌市2008-2012年手足口病流行病学分析

手足口病（HFMD）是由多种肠道病毒（包括EV71病毒、柯萨奇A16型病毒等1引起的婴幼儿常见传染病,该病可在多个年龄组人群引起感染,但在5岁以下婴幼儿中易发生暴发流行[1J。EV71病毒是目前常见的手足口病流行病毒,因患儿发病较严重,并多伴发轻重程度不等的中枢神经系统症状,而受到人们的关注翻。卫生部于2008年5月2日将手足口病纳入《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》规定的丙类传染病进行管理。为了解其发病水平及流行特征,     

武汉市东西湖区2008-2009年手足口病流行病学分析

手足口病(HFMD)是由肠道病毒引起的传染病,多发生于5岁以下儿童,可引起手、足、口腔等部位的疱疹,少数患儿可发生心肌炎、肺水肿、无菌性脑膜脑炎等并发症.个别重症患儿,可导致死亡.手足口病的肠道病毒有20多种(型),柯萨奇病毒A组的16、4、5、9、10型,B组的2、5型,以及肠道病毒71型均为手足口病较常见的病原体,其中以柯萨奇病毒A16型((Cox A16)和肠道病毒71型(EV 71)最为常见.自2008年3月安徽阜阳市暴发了EV71引起的HFMD流行后[1],我国将该病纳入了丙类传染病.文章对武汉市东西湖区2008年和2009年手足口病的发病情况进行分析,结果如下.     

实时荧光RT-PCR及RT-PCR快速检测肠道病毒71型和柯萨奇A16病毒

肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,简称EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackievirus A16,简称CA16)是引起手足口病的两种主要的病原体,常相伴造成手足口病的暴发流行,每次流行中两种病毒中所占的比例有所不同[1].EV71感染引起HFMD常有严重的神经系统并发症发生,CA16感染引起自限性的手足口病,极少发生严重并发症和死亡[2～6].2008年安徽、广东(包括深圳市)、浙江等28个省市出现手足口病暴发流行,因此,亟须一种特异性强,灵敏度高的方法对这两种病毒进行快速区分检测.     

黑龙江省2009-2010年手足口病疫情监测结果分析

目的了解黑龙江省手足口病(hand-foot-mouth disease,HFMD)流行特征,为制定防控对策提供科学依据。方法通过国家疾病监测信息管理系统收集全省2009年和2010年HFMD疫情资料进行描述流行病学分析,并对部分病例标本进行肠道病毒病原学检测。结果黑龙江省HFMD发病率较高的地区主要位于南部;全省发病高峰是7月,呈典型的单峰型曲线;发病年龄以1～6岁居多;男性多于女性;散居儿童多于托幼机构儿童,暴发病例多发生在托幼机构。HFMD病原有EV71、CVA16和其他肠道病毒,以EV71和CVA16为主。结论 HFMD发病有明显的季节性和年龄、性别差异,小年龄组儿童是HFMD预防控制重点人群,流行的优势毒株为EV71和CVA16。应加强疫情监测和分析,防止其暴发流行。     

肠道病毒71型灭活疫苗使用技术指南

正肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus type 71,EV71)是人类肠道病毒的一种。EV71感染可引起多种疾病,其中以手足口病(Hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)最为常见。2007年以来,EV71感染相关HFMD在我国婴幼儿人群中持续流行,发病率高,并导致一定比例的患儿死亡。由于EV71病毒主要通过接触传播,儿童普遍易感且隐性感染比例高,常规     

鹤岗市2009-2010年手足口病病原检测结果分析

<正>手足口病(HFMD)由肠道病毒感染引起,主要表现为口腔黏膜溃疡性疱疹及四肢末端水疱样皮疹,主要病原体为肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CA16)。其中EV71不仅引起HFMD,而且可引起严重中枢神经系统并发症,如脑膜炎、脑炎、急性迟缓性瘫痪等。近年来,马来西亚、台湾、新加坡、澳大利亚、香港等地不断有HFMD暴发流行。2008年5月2日卫生部将HFMD     

6例危重症手足口病死亡原因分析及防治要点

手足口病(hand-foot-mouth disease,HFMD)为全球流行的儿童传染病之一[1],由多种肠道病毒感染所致,包括柯萨奇病毒(Coxsackie virus,COX)A4,5,8,9,10和16型及COX B 2,35和7型,肠道病毒(enteroviruses,EV)71型,艾柯病毒(ECHO virus)等,尤以COXA16型及EV71型最常见。近10年来,     

手足口病重在预防

手足口病(Hand,foot andmouth disease,HFMD)是由肠道病毒引起的传染病,多发生于婴幼儿,可引起手、足、口腔等部位的疱疹,个别患者可引起心肌炎、肺水肿、无菌性脑膜脑炎等并发症.引发手足口病的肠道病毒有20多种(型),柯萨奇病毒A组的16、4、5、9、10型,B组的2、5型,以及肠道病毒71型均为手足口病较常见的病原体,其中以柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)和肠道病毒71型(EV71)最为常见.当然,肠道病毒EV71型感染主要表现为手足口病,但也可表现为其他疾病,只是与其他肠道病毒引起的手足口病相比,由肠道病毒71型感染引起的疾病发生重症感染的比例较大,病死率也较高,重症病例病死率可达10%～25%.     

2009-2013年济南地区重症手足口病病原学及流行病学分析

] 目的了解2009-2013年济南地区重症手足口病(HFMD)病原及流行特征,为防控提供科学依据。方法对辖区哨点医院送检的138例重症HFMD病例标本,应用RT-PCR技术检测肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)、非EV71和CVA16的其它肠道病毒(EV);并采用描述流行病学方法对重症HFMD病例进行流行病学分析。结果138例重症HFMD病例中,有132例感染了肠道病毒,阳性率为95.65%。其中感染EV71的有114例,占阳性病例的86.36%;感染CVA16的有9例 (6.82%),感染其他EV的9例 (6.82%)。HFMD重症病例呈散发,主要集中于5~8月份 (74.64%),病例人群男性明显高于女性(х²=48.75, P<0.01),其中3岁以下幼儿是重症病例发生主要年龄段 (84.06%)。结论重症HFMD具有明显的人群特征,EV71是重症及死亡病例的主要病毒类型;应关注高危人群,早期识别重症并及时干预治疗是降低病死率的关键。     

手足口病暴发20起疫情调查

<正>手足口病(HFMD)是一种由多种肠道病毒引起,以侵袭婴幼儿为主的常见传染病,柯萨奇病毒A16型(COXAl6)及肠道病毒71型(EV71)为其主要病原体[1]。我国自1981年在上海地区首次报道以来,许多省市已有流行,特别是近几年手足口病流行有加剧的趋势。为做好手足口病暴发疫情的控制工作,本文对2008～2010年某市发生的20起手足口病暴发疫情进行分析,现将结果报道如下。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.