雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的探讨雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响。方法24只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组（1）去卵巢组（简称Ovx组），（2）去卵巢＋雌激素组（简称Ovx＋E2组），（3）假手术组，作为对照组。3月后断头取血，检测，血清雌二醇、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白。结果去卵巢后的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组，雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高，与假手术组相比没有明显差别。去卵巢组大鼠血清胆固醇水平明显高于假手术组，雌激素替代治疗后胆固醇水平降低，与假手术组相比无差异；大鼠去卵巢后血清甘油三酯稍有升高但没有统计学意义，去卵巢雌激素替代治疗组与假手术组相比较血清甘油三酯明显升高，与去卵巢组比较稍高，但没有统计学意义；去卵巢组大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于假手术组，给予雌激素替代治疗后血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显升高与假手术组没有明显的差别。结论雌激素替代治疗能调节SD大鼠的血脂代谢，降低胆固醇，升高高密度脂蛋白，但可使甘油三酯进一步升高。     

雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的探讨雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响.方法24只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组(1)去卵巢组(简称Ovx组),(2)去卵巢+雌激素组(简称Ovx+E2组),(3)假手术组,作为对照组.3月后断头取血,检测,血清雌二醇、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白.结果去卵巢后的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高,与假手术组相比没有明显差别.去卵巢组大鼠血清胆固醇水平明显高于假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后胆固醇水平降低,与假手术组相比无差异;大鼠去卵巢后血清甘油三酯稍有升高但没有统计学意义,去卵巢雌激素替代治疗组与假手术组相比较血清甘油三酯明显升高,与去卵巢组比较稍高,但没有统计学意义;去卵巢组大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于假手术组,给予雌激素替代治疗后血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显升高与假手术组没有明显的差别.结论雌激素替代治疗能调节SD大鼠的血脂代谢,降低胆固醇,升高高密度脂蛋白,但可使甘油三酯进一步升高.     

早期雌激素替代治疗对兔血管内皮衰老的影响及机制

目的 探讨早期不同剂量雌激素替代治疗(ERT)对去卵巢高脂血症雌兔主动脉内皮衰老的影响及可能机制.方法 28只健康新西兰雌性白兔随机分为4组(每组7只):假手术组行假手术;去卵巢组行双侧卵巢切除;小剂量ERT组行双侧卵巢切除加小剂量ERT(苯甲酸雌二醇200μg,隔日肌肉注射1次);大剂量ERT组行双侧卵巢切除加大ERT剂量(苯甲酸雌二醇1000 μg,隔日肌肉注射1次).各组兔于术后1周开始给予高脂饲料喂养,小剂量ERT组和大剂量ERT组同时给予ERT.分别于术前、高脂喂食4周及12周后抽取耳中央动脉血,测定血清雌二醇、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白一胆固醇(HDL-C)及非对称性二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)水平.实验结束时,分离兔主动脉行组织病理学分析并计算衰老血管内皮和动脉粥样硬化斑块面积.结果 (1)12周后去卵巢组血清TC及LDL-C高于其他组(P<0.01),而TG及HDL-C水平低于其他3组(P<0.01);小剂量和大剂量ERT组TC及LDL-C低于假手术组(P<0.05),但TG及HDL-C与假手术组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).(2)高脂喂食12周后各组兔血清ADMA水平均明显增高,小剂量和大剂量ERT组低于假手术组(P<0.05).(3)直线相关分析显示,主动脉粥样斑块面积与衰老内皮面积呈正相关(r=0.962,P<0.01),两者均与血清TC、LDL-C和ADMA浓度呈正相关(r值分别为0.812、0.824、0.755、0.797、0.749、0.727,P<0.01),与血清雌二醇呈显著负相关(r=-0.762和-0.743,P<0.01).结论 早期ERT可以改善血脂代谢、降低ADMA水平、减轻血管内皮衰老及动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,雌激素延缓内皮衰老的作用可能与改善血脂代谢、降低ADMA水平有关.     

小剂量17β-雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨密度、体脂及血脂的作用

目的　评价小剂量 17β 雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨密度 (BMD)、体脂和血脂的作用。 方法　 10月龄SD大鼠 2 0 8只 ,实验开始时取 8只大鼠处死作为基础 ,其余 2 0 0只随机分成去卵巢组 (OVX组 )、17β 雌二醇替代组 (EST组 )和对照组 (SHAM组 )三组 ,每组在 3周、6周、9周、12周、15周、18周及 2 1周时处死 ,处死前应用双能X线骨密度仪测定全身BMD、体重、脂肪含量及脂肪含量百分比 ,分离血清测定甘油三酯、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白及低密度脂蛋白。结果　大鼠去卵巢后 3周时体重和血清低密度脂蛋白升高 ,15周时全身BMD下降 ;9周和 18周时低密度脂蛋白水平升高 ;2 1周时 ,血清甘油三酯和胆固醇水平增加 ,高密度脂蛋白水平降低 ,脂肪含量及脂肪含量百分比增加。补充 17β 雌二醇 6周后 ,EST组BMD、甘油三酯和胆固醇高于OVX组 ;在 9周前 ,EST组体重低于OVX组 ;9周后EST组高密度脂蛋白高于OVX组和SHAM组。结论　早期应用小剂量 17β 雌二醇有助于提高BMD ,抑制去卵巢后体重增加 ,同时亦增加甘油三酯、胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白水平     

内源性雌激素对去卵巢兔血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白的影响

30只成年雌兔随机分成去卵巢组和对照组，并给予高胆固醇食料。测定血清雌激素、SOD和oxLDL的变化以及主动脉粥样斑块面积。结果，去卵巢后血清雌激素浓度，SOD活力显著下降（P＜0．01）；血浆oxLDL水平和主动脉粥样斑块面积明显上升（P＜0．01），二者呈正相关（r＝o．76，P＜0．01）。提示内源性雌激素具有抑制oxLDL生成和预防动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

雌激素对SD大鼠肾小球硬化的影响

目的探讨雌激素替代治疗对SD大鼠肾小球硬化的影响。方法18只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组：(1)去卵巢组(简称Ovx组)；(2)去卵巢 雌激素组(简称Ovx E2组)；(3)假手术组(简称Control组)。自由取食与饮水。检测手术前，3月后再次测量血压后处死，检测血清雌二醇浓度、电镜下观察肾脏皮质超微结构的变化。结果(1)去卵巢组的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组，雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高，与假手术组相比没有明显差别；(2)卵巢切除前3组血压之间没有明显的差别。3月后，SD大鼠去卵巢组血压明显高于手术前及假手术组，雌激素替代治疗后血压降低，与假手术组没有明显的差别；(3)电镜下肾脏超微结构的变化：假手术组大鼠肾脏皮质电镜检查未见异常；去卵巢组大鼠出现肾小球硬化的表现；雌激素替代治疗后与去卵巢组比较超微结构没有明显的改善。结论SD大鼠去卵巢后血压升高，给予雌激素替代治疗后可抑制血压升高；SD大鼠去卵巢后，肾脏出现纤维化的病理改变，雌激素替代治疗后不能抑制肾小球纤维化的进程。     

雌激素抑制去卵巢家兔实验性主动脉粥样硬化的形成

为探讨雌激素对动脉粥样硬化的作用和机制，以不同剂量雌激素或联合应用孕激素来替代治疗去卵巢动脉粥样硬化家兔。分别于实验前、第4和14周末分别测定血清脂质、丙二醛和超氧化物歧化酶，实验第14周末测定血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白、6－酮基－前列腺素F1α和血栓素B2浓度，并做病理形态学检查。结果发现，与对照组相比，激素替代治疗各组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、丙二醛、氧化型低密度脂蛋白及血栓素B2浓度显著降低（P＜0．01，P＜0．05）；而血浆6-酮基-前列腺素F1α浓度显著增高（P＜0．05）；激素替代治疗组主动脉斑块面积百分比平均减少了57．8％（P＜0．01）。孕激素对雌激素的作用无影响。以上提示雌激素能够抑制家兔主动脉粥样硬化形成，其机制可能与改善脂质作用，抑制过氧化形成和调节前列腺素代谢有关。     

雌激素对SD大鼠肾小球硬化的影响

目的探讨雌激素替代治疗对SD大鼠肾小球硬化的影响.方法 18只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组(1)去卵巢组(简称Ovx组);(2)去卵巢+雌激素组(简称Ovx+E2组);(3)假手术组(简称 Control组).自由取食与饮水.检测手术前,3月后再次测量血压后处死,检测血清雌二醇浓度、电镜下观察肾脏皮质超微结构的变化.结果 (1)去卵巢组的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高,与假手术组相比没有明显差别;(2)卵巢切除前3组血压之间没有明显的差别.3月后,SD大鼠去卵巢组血压明显高于手术前及假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后血压降低,与假手术组没有明显的差别;(3)电镜下肾脏超微结构的变化假手术组大鼠肾脏皮质电镜检查未见异常;去卵巢组大鼠出现肾小球硬化的表现;雌激素替代治疗后与去卵巢组比较超微结构没有明显的改善.结论 SD大鼠去卵巢后血压升高,给予雌激素替代治疗后可抑制血压升高;SD大鼠去卵巢后,肾脏出现纤维化的病理改变,雌激素替代治疗后不能抑制肾小球纤维化的进程.     

补肾宁心方对去势高脂血症家兔主动脉血管细胞粘附分子1表达的调节

为了探讨补肾宁心方对去势雌兔动脉粥样硬化形成的影响及其可能的机制，将26只3月龄新西兰雌兔随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、去势对照组和治疗组(卵巢切除并灌以补肾宁心中药复方)，除正常对照组外均于术后2周给予高脂饮食，治疗组同时灌胃给药，连续3个月。12周末测定血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平；取主动脉行组织形态学及扫描电镜观察，并应用免疫组织化学方法检测主动脉血管细胞粘附分子1的蛋白表达。结果发现，与去势对照组比较，补肾宁心方对血脂变化无明显影响，但能明显降低主动脉粥样斑块面积与动脉内膜比值，降低内膜中膜厚度比，减轻主动脉病理损害，抑制主动脉血管细胞粘附分子1的蛋白表达。结果提示，补肾宁心方可能通过抑制主动脉血管细胞粘附分子1的表达从而阻止动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。     

激素替代治疗对去卵巢大鼠动脉雌激素受体表达的影响

目的　研究雌、孕激素替代治疗时去卵巢大鼠动脉壁雌激素受体 (ER)的表达。　方法　将 40只成年雌性大鼠随机分为 4组 :假手术对照组、去卵巢组、去卵巢 雌激素治疗组、去卵巢 雌孕激素治疗组。给予正常饮食 ,2个月后处死大鼠。用放免法检测血清中雌二醇和孕酮浓度 ,用放射配体结合分析法检测大鼠主动脉ER的含量。　结果　 (1)正常雌性成年大鼠 (假手术对照组 )主动脉中存在ER ,解离常数 (Kd)为 (3 0± 0 7)× 10 -9,最大结合容量 (Bmax)为 (37 4± 7 9)pmol/g蛋白 ;(2 )去卵巢组大鼠动脉ER的Bmax〔(10 4± 5 9)pmol/g蛋白〕显著低于假手术组 (P <0 0 1) ;(3)去卵巢 雌激素治疗组与去卵巢 雌孕激素治疗组动脉ER的Bmax差别无显著性〔(分别为 (40 7± 7 5 )和(35 1± 4 5 )pmol/g蛋白〕 ,二者都显著高于去卵巢组 ;各组间Kd值差别无显著性。　结论　去卵巢2个月后大鼠主动脉的ER表达显著减少 ,补充雌激素或补充雌、孕激素能使去卵巢大鼠主动脉ER的含量维持在正常水平 ,这可能是雌激素对绝经后妇女心血管保护作用的机制之一。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.