中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比率及血小板淋巴细胞比率在乳腺癌合并感染患者术后生存期的预测研究

目的研究中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比率(NLR)及血小板淋巴细胞比率(PLR)在乳腺癌合并感染患者术后生存期的预测,为提高生存期提供依据。方法选取2010年10月-2015年10月医院诊治89例乳腺癌合并感染患者资料进行分析;采用自拟问卷调查表对患者基本资料进行统计,计算患者治疗前后PLR和NLR指标,分析两指标对乳腺癌合并感染患者术后生存期的影响。结果患者治疗后PLR≥300患者5年总生存率(Overall survival,OS)为72.8%;3年无病生存率(Disease-free survival,DFS)为30.8%;治疗前150PLR300患者5年OS为91.2%,3年DFS为69.4%;治疗后PLR150患者OS为100.0%;3年DFS为99.1%,患者治疗后不同PLR OS生存率和DFS生存率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);患者治疗后对于NLR≥5患者5年OS为76.1%;3年DFS为31.2%;治疗后对于NLR5组患者5年OS为98.3%,3年DFS为91.8%。患者治疗后不同NLR下OS及DFS生存率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NLR及PLR能够准确的预测乳腺癌合并感染患者术后生存期,正确的指导患者临床治疗,值得推广应用。     

巨块型宫颈癌术后大分割放疗加同期化疗临床研究的初步结果

目的探索中晚期宫颈癌根治性术后大分割放疗+同期化疗的疗效及毒性。方法 2007年7月至2012年6月,50例行广泛全子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结清扫术后的巨块型Ib、IIa、IIb期宫颈癌患者纳入分析。治疗采用大分割放疗+同步化疗:放疗方案为3 Gy/次,每周5次,总剂量39 Gy;同步化疗方案为顺铂35~40 mg/m2,每周1次的同步化疗。观察5年无局部复发生存率(LRFS)、5年无瘤生存率(DFS)、5年无远处转移生存率(FDMS)、5年总生存率(OS)以及不良反应。结果 5年DFS为74.1%、5年LRFS为86.1%、5年FDMS为80.4%、5年OS为74.7%。所有病例整体治疗耐受性较好,虽然3/4级急性黏膜反应发生率为14%,但未发现严重的胃肠道事件或新的安全性问题。结论宫颈癌术后大分割同步放化疗不良反应可接受,治疗依从性好,总体疗效满意,但需随机对照试验进一步证实。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后的三维适形放射治疗

目的 观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后加三维适形放射治疗的疗效,不良反应和美容效果.方法 收治早期乳腺癌46例,其中Ⅰ期32例,Ⅱ期14例.行保乳术后,接受三维适形放射治疗,乳房切线照射量是DT47-50 GY/24-26次,瘤床电子线补量DT 10-15 GY/5-8次,患侧锁骨上X线DT 30 GY＋电子线DT 22 GY.放疗后接受4-6个周期的化疗.结果 3年、5年生存率为95.6%（44/46）、93.4%（43/46）,局部复发为4.3%（2/46）.乳房美容效果达到满意加一般者为95.6%（44/46）.放疗急性不良反应：乳房肿胀不适10例,占21.7%,皮肤红斑、色素沉着18例（占39%）,湿性脱皮5例（占10.8%）,放射性肺炎1例（占2.1%）.结论 保乳术后＋术后三维适形放射治疗生存率及美容效果满意,并发症发生率低,对符合条件Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期的病人应予以推广.     

年轻女性乳腺癌临床生物学特性及预后因素分析

目的 分析年轻女性(年龄≤35岁)乳腺癌患者临床生物学特性和预后,初步探讨年轻女性乳腺癌患者的预后因素、治疗策略及其相关性.方法 选取2003年1月至2008年4月经术后病理确诊的97例年轻女性乳腺癌患者,观察患者的生存与复发情况,探讨临床生物学特性与预后的相关性.结果 97例患者3年总生存率(OS)和3年无瘤生存率(DFS)分别为73.2％( 71/97)和64.9％(63/97).单因素分析显示临床分期、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移、雌激素受体(ER)、手术方式、辅助化疗及内分泌治疗是年轻女性乳腺癌患者预后的相关因素(P＜0.01或＜0.05).多因素Cox回归分析显示,ER阴性较ER阳性患者的OS和DFS为差(RR=2.949,P=0.015;RR=2.629,P=0.007),未行内分泌治疗较行内分泌治疗患者的OS为差(RR=3.179,P=0.038).人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)阳性较HER-2阴性患者的DFS为差(RR=2.079,P=0.032);临床分期Ⅱ、Ⅲ期较Ⅰ期患者的DFS为差(RR=2.801,P=0.017;RR=8.673,P=0.000);未行辅助化疗较行辅助化疗患者的DFS为差(RR=3.048,P=0.005).结论 ER阴性可作为独立的预后危险因素,HER-2阳性可作为年轻女性乳腺癌患者独立的疾病复发预测因素,术后行辅助化疗患者预后好,行内分泌治疗效果确切.     

早期乳腺癌保乳治疗31例报告

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的原则和方法.方法回顾性分析湖南省肿瘤医院1992年1月～2002年4月接受了保乳治疗的31例早期乳腺癌资料.其中14例肿瘤扩大切除加腋淋巴结清扫,5例肿瘤扩大切除,11例肿瘤切除,1例未手术.术后17例进行了放疗和化疗,8例只做了放疗,3例只做了化疗,3例放化疗均未做.结果存活时间最长122个月,最短6个月,平均32±5个月,中位生存时间22个月.1例术后拒绝化疗第3年死于远处转移,余30例目前均存活,其中10例已存活3年以上;1例术后未放化疗者第5年局部复发;保留乳房外观满意率为93.5%.结论早期乳腺癌的保乳治疗应在肿瘤扩大切除加腋淋巴结清扫手术后与放疗和化疗合理的配合,才可能达到预期的效果.     

胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴瘤的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴瘤的诊断与治疗。方法　回顾性分析了 46例胃肠道原发性恶性淋巴溜患者的临床资料。结果　 46例原发性恶性淋巴瘤中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期分别为 16例、 18例、 9例和 3例。术前内镜活检确诊 12例 ,3 4例经手术与病理确诊。 43例行手术切除 ,另 3例Ⅳ期行单纯活检。术后辅助化疗 3 2例 ,放疗 化疗 12例。 1年生存率Ⅰ～Ⅲ期为 10 0 % ,Ⅳ期 66 7% ;3年及 5年总生存率分别为72 5 %及 61 6%。结论　本病早期不易诊断 ,内镜活检及手术病理检查是确诊本病的主要方法。对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期病例根治性手术切除应作为首选治疗 ,术后辅助化 (放 )疗可提高生存率。对Ⅳ期应以全身化疗 局部放疗为主要治疗手段。     

胃动脉插管置泵化疗治疗晚期胃癌疗效分析

目的:探讨胃动脉插管置泵化疗对晚期胃癌的疗效.方法:将87例不能根治切除的晚期胃癌随机分为两组.治疗组45例术中行胃动脉插管置泵、术中及术后经泵灌注化疗,对照组42例术后行静脉全身化疗.结果:治疗组半年生存率82.2%,1年生存率42.2%,对照组半年生存率52.4%,1年生存率19.0%(P＜0.05).结论:胃动脉插管泵化疗对晚期胃癌疗效明显优于静脉全身化疗.     

Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌保留乳房根治术临床分析

目的 总结Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌保留乳房根治术的临床疗效.方法 对2000-2004年Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌保留乳房根治术21例患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.结果 21例患者3年生存率为100%,局部复发率为5%.患者术后创面渗血量相对减少,恢复快,乳房外形满意,两侧乳房基本对称,患肢功能恢复好.结论 保留乳房根治术加放疗治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌可取得满意效果,应为首选治疗方案.     

雌激素受体及C-erbB-2的表达与乳腺癌术后应用放疗的关系

目的探讨乳腺癌术后复发的因素。方法回顾性分析乳腺癌术后局部复发19例患者的临床资料。其中雌激素受体阴性、C-erbB-2阳性者14例。结果所有患者随访6个月至5年。带瘤生存5例，无瘤生存2例，远处转移7例；其中死亡4例，1例9个月后死于脑转移，1例1年后肺转移放弃治疗死亡，2例分别于1年8个月和2年3个月死于全身多脏器转移。结论雌激素受体阴性及C-erbB-2阳性乳腺癌患者预后较差，易引起局部复发甚至远处转移，这类患者虽无放疗指征，但建议术后给予放疗，控制局部复发，提高生存率。     

早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗疗效分析

目的评价早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法保乳组138例,行保留乳房的肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术;对照组130例,行乳腺癌改良根治术。术后行放疗、全身化疗和／或内分泌治疗。结果平均随访60个月,保乳组中局部复发3例,3年生存率为98．1％,5年生存率为86．4％,远隔脏器转移率为6．0％;对照组局部复发2例,3年生存率为97．8％,5年生存率为86．6％,远隔脏器转移率为5．7％,两组各指标对比无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论早期乳腺癌采用保乳综合治疗,可以达到与改良根治手术相似的治疗效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.