再次肝移植治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道狭窄的研究:附48例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院自2001年9月至2005年12月期间48例缺血型胆道狭窄病人行再次原位肝移植的资料，分析其预后及影响因素。结果40／48（83．3％）例病人再次肝移植前有介入治疗史；术中出血量为850～12000ml，中位值为3000ml；术中用血量为600～13300ml，中位值为3200ml；手术平均时间为（12．00±4．35）h。48例病人随访时间为3～31个月，中位随访时间为6个月，1个月及1年，累计存活率分别为79％和72％，中位存活时间为187d；无感染组与合并感染组的存活率有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；9／14例（64．29％）死于感染及多脏器功能衰竭；无并发症，单一并发症，多种并发症的生存曲线存在显著性差异（P=0．002）。结论再次肝移植是挽救缺血性胆道狭窄无法介入治疗或介入治疗失败的有效手段；预防缺血型胆道并发症的发生仍是我国肝移植重要的努力方向。     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝缺血型胆道损伤15例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植治疗缺血型胆道损伤的临床经验。方法回顾性分析15例因缺血型胆道损伤施行再次肝移植受者的临床资料。结果 15例移植受者术前均接受过介入治疗,再次肝移植全组无手术死亡。术后1个月存活率为67%,1年存活率为60%,3年存活率为53%。截止至2012年3月,有8例存活并返院随诊,存活时间超过5年的5例,其余3例存活时间分别为47个月、58个月、35个月,肝功能及生活情况良好。术后严重感染导致的多器官功能衰竭是再次肝移植患者死亡的主要原因。结论再次肝移植是治疗缺血型胆道损伤唯一有效的方法。对于缺血性胆道损伤,预防的意义远大于治疗。从供肝切取与保存、胆道重建、术后免疫抑制方案的选择、长期随访等等环节加以重视,有利于减少缺血型胆道损伤。     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的介入治疗和再移植时机

目的探讨肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄(HAS)的介入治疗效果和再次肝移植的时机。方法回顾性分析2 0例原位肝移植术后HAS患者的临床资料。所有病例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,均行血管内介入治疗。其中6例接受了再移植。介入治疗方法包括经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)和支架植入术。结果早期HAS(移植后4周内)8例,介入治疗后肝功能好转6例,1例肝功能恶化及时再移植存活,另1例因肝衰竭死亡。1 2例晚期HAS中1例介入后于术后3 8 d死于严重感染和多器官衰竭;5例因肝功能反复异常、胆道缺血型狭窄和反复胆道感染而接受再移植,再移植围手术期死亡1例。2 0例平均随访13个月,2例分别因原发性肝癌和严重胆道感染死亡;3例出现肝动脉再狭窄并再次动脉内介入治疗成功。共出现缺血型胆道病变8例(4 0.0%)并行胆道介入治疗,5例肝功能改善。早期HAS和晚期HAS的1年和2年累计生存率分别为8 7.5%,4 3.8%和8 1.5%,5 4.3%,两组无统计学差异(P=0.9 7 6)。结论肝移植术后HAS未引起严重肝功能损害时,首选介入治疗,但缺血型胆道病变发生率较高。再次肝移植是治疗肝移植术后HAS导致不可逆性肝功能损害时的惟一有效手段     

肝移植术后肝内外多发缺血型胆道病变的治疗分析

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后肝内外多发缺血型胆道病变的治疗及预后.方法 回顾性分析2003年12月至2006年5月收治的31例肝移植术后并发肝内外多发缺血型胆道病变病例的临床资料,总结此类病例的治疗选择策略及相应预后.结果 31例病例中,男28例,女3例;年龄32～66岁,平均年龄(48.6+9.6)岁.平均发生时间在肝移植(271.29±149.32)d,合并严重肝动脉狭窄8例,合并胆漏1例,采用介入治疗8例、介入治疗+再移植术7例、再移植术5例.内科治疗8例,胆肠吻合术1例、2例病人放弃治疗.6例痊愈,均为再移植病人,好转7例,无效6例,死亡10例,死因为多器官功能衰竭(6例),胆道感染(3例),非胆道病变(1例).总治愈率和死亡率分别为19.4%(6/31)和32.3%(10/31).反复介入治疗后无论施行肝移植与否,均具有较高的死亡率(53.3%,8/15).8例内科保守治疗病人有6例病情好转并相对稳定,1例胆肠吻合病人出现反复胆道感染.结论 对肝移植术后肝内外多发缺血型胆道病变,介入方法 的诊断价值高于治疗价值,合理的内科治疗有助于病情的稳定及推迟再移植的时间,而正确把握再移植的时机是治愈本病的关键.     

PTCD长期引流治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的初步探讨

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)长期引流治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的可行性,评价其疗效和安全性.方法 11例肝移植术后并发缺血型胆道病变的病人,男10例,女1例,平均年龄42.3岁,术前均经PTC或内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangopancreatography,ERCP)检查确诊.病人首先经内科治疗及内镜下引流、支架置入治疗无效,然后采用经皮肝穿刺胆道置管并长期带管引流,合并有胆泥者经双导丝抽吸技术予以清除.结果 11例缺血型胆道病变病人.肝内型7例,肝外型1例,肝内+肝外型3例.均成功置入PTCD内外引流管,技术成功率100%.术后1周内总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)分别由(206.70±54.18)μmol/L、(170.65±53.97)μmol/L降至(90.63±13.00)μmol/L、(63.83±13.61)μmol/L.随访3～71个月,平均20个月.黄疸指数较正常值稍高,并呈波动性改变,TBIL在23.70～241.0 μmol/L之间,平均(55.3±15.6)μmol/L,DBIL在8.1～162.0μmol/L之间,平均(32.53±10.21)μmol/L.9例病人移植肝功能良好,其中5例带管引流6～12个月(平均8.2个月)后拔除,4例仍带管已引流3～6个月.另2例病人黄疸症状缓解,但因移植肝合成功能障碍分别于PTCD术后3个月、8个月行再次肝移植.结论 PTCD置管长期引流是一种安全、有效的治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道并发症的方法.     

成人肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治分析

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断及有效治疗方法。方法回顾分析2004年8月至2011年12月施行的253例次原位肝移植(其中2例次为二次肝移植)的临床资料,对35例次胆道并发症的诊断及治疗经验进行总结分析。结果 253例次原位肝移植,其中35例次发生胆道并发症,发生率为13.8%,其中胆道狭窄21例(60%),包括胆管吻合口狭窄13例(6例合并有胆道结石/胆泥),非吻合口胆管狭窄8例;胆漏12例(34.2%),其中4例合并有吻合口狭窄;胆道出血2例(5.7%)。35例次患者中行ERCP处理17例次(48.6%),治愈及好转26例次(74.3%),1例次行二次肝移植,死亡2例次。结论胆道并发症首先应考虑非手术治疗(包括ERCP),而非手术治疗效果不佳的患者,再次手术胆道探查是必要的治疗手段,对于严重胆道损伤导致移植物功能丢失,二次肝移植是唯一的选择。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症危险因素和诊治分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的相关因素及综合诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年10月至2012年3月366例连续术后肝移植患者的临床资料.男性292例,女性72例,年龄18 ～69岁,平均年龄44.5岁.记录患者术后胆道并发症情况.采用单因素分析及Logistic多因素回归分析术后胆道并发症的危险因素.并发胆漏患者予置管充分引流.吻合口狭窄者经皮经肝胆道造影或经内镜逆行胰胆管造影行球囊成形术,必要时放置胆道支架;非吻合口狭窄者行经皮经肝胆道造影联合胆道镜治疗.结果 术后随访10 ～ 129个月,平均58.5个月,366例原位肝移植患者术后发生胆道并发症42例(11.5％).单因素分析及Logistic多因素回归分析结果示,第2次热缺血时间(门静脉血流复通到肝动脉血流复通的时间)、术中出血量和胆道吻合口直径与肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生相关(Wald=9.474～ 17.208,P＜0.05).12例胆漏患者通过腹腔引流、鼻胆管引流治愈;22例吻合口狭窄患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影或经皮经肝胆道造影球囊成形术治愈,其中6例放置了胆道支架;8例非吻合口狭窄患者中,6例经皮经肝胆道造影联合胆道镜治疗后痊愈,1例接受二次肝移植后痊愈,1例恢复不良.结论 第2次热缺血时间、术中出血量和吻合口大小是肝移植术后胆道并发症的危险因素.肝移植术后胆管非弥漫性狭窄及胆漏的微创治疗安全、有效.     

肝移植术后远期胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后远期胆道并发症的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年6月42例同种异体非转流原位肝移植术后远期不同类型胆道并发症患者的临床资料.结果 42例患者于肝移植术后3个月发病.患者通过影像学手段如超声、经内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）、磁共振胰胆管成像（magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP）和经皮经肝胆管引流术（percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD）等确诊.肝移植术后胆道并发症包括胆道狭窄21例,其中吻合口狭窄8例和非吻合口狭窄13例;胆道结石19例,其中泥沙型7例和非泥沙型12例;另2例为奥迪括约肌功能障碍.吻合口狭窄的患者中,6例经ERCP治疗3～5次后痊愈;另2例经ERCP治疗效果不佳改行胆肠吻合重建术后治愈.13例非吻合口狭窄患者中,ERCP治疗2例,再次肝移植11例,效果良好,无1例出现死亡.胆道泥沙型结石7例,经ERCP和PTCD治疗均无效,行再次肝移植效果良好.12例非泥沙型结石患者中,4例行ERCP取石成功,另8例行手术取石,效果良好.2例Oddi括约肌功能障碍患者行ERCP放置支架,效果良好.结论 肝移植术后远期胆道并发症主要依靠影像学检查确诊.一经确诊就应根据不同的胆道病变类型而采取相应的治疗方案,采用积极的内镜和介入治疗,若无效时及时进行再次肝移植等手术治疗,疗效理想.     

肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的再移植治疗策略

目的探讨肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的再移植的指征、手术时机的选择及免疫治疗策略。方法回顾性分析我中心自1999年7月至2007年2月10例肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变再移植治疗的病例。供肝植入均采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术,手术当天及第四天给予IL-2受体拮抗剂（舒莱）,术中不用激素冲击,术后采用他克莫司（FK506）,麦考酚酸酯（MMF）和激素（Pred）的常规三联或FK506和MMF两联免疫抑制治疗方案。结果10例病人中8例术后肝功能恢复良好,顺利痊愈出院,最长已存活42个月。2例死亡,分别于术后34、69 d死于严重的混合感染。术前MELD小于25分的7例患者无一例死亡,术前MELD大于25分的3例患者中2例死亡。结论肝移植术后发生缺血型胆道病变行再次肝移植是有效的治疗方法。术前对患者病情的准确评估,尽可能在MELD评分小于25分时进行再次肝移植治疗,有助于提高再移植的疗效。     

肝移植术后并发高位胆管狭窄的原因及诊治八例

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后并发高位胆管狭窄的原因及诊治.方法 对8例肝移植后并发高位胆管狭窄患者的资料进行回顾性分析,8例均行背驮式肝移植,胆管采取端端吻合,其中2例置婴儿胃管.结果 高位胆管狭窄发生于术后3～18个月,5例以阻塞性黄疸为主要临床表现,3例以慢性胆管炎为主要临床表现.经保守治疗无效后,均行手术治疗,切除肝门部胆管狭窄段,再行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.手术治疗后随访1～5年,除1例患者因肝癌复发死亡外,其余患者均生存良好.结论 胆道缺血、胆汁腐蚀以及保存性损伤是并发高位胆管狭窄的主要因素;B型超声波和磁共振胰胆管成像是有效诊断手段;胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合是处理高位胆管狭窄的有效方法.     

Long-term follow-up of percutaneous transhepatic balloon cholangioplasty in the management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the efficacy of a protocol of initial balloon dilation for biliary strictures after liver transplantation. METHODS: Complete records from 96 patients with biliary strictures were retrospectively reviewed. Seventy-six patients received percutaneous transhepatic balloon cholangioplasty (PTBC) after initial placement of biliary drainage (percutaneous transluminal cholangiography [PTC]) tube. In most cases, three dilations were performed with a 4 to 8 week interval between procedures. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 10 years. RESULTS: PTBC successfully treated strictures in 39 of 76 (51.3%) cases. Factors favoring successful PTBC included older age at transplant, shorter cold ischemic time, and single strictures. There were nine recurrent strictures after PTBC, all of which were successfully treated by nonoperative measures. The number of dilations performed affected both the likelihood of success and the long-term risk of stricture recurrence. Of the 37 PTBC failures, 14 underwent subsequent surgical revision. When both angiographic and surgical modalities were considered, treatment success was associated with first transplants, shorter cold ischemic time and operative time, and less intraoperative transfusion requirements. Factors associated with treatment failure included multiple, central hepatic duct, and intrahepatic strictures. PTC-tube independence was achieved in 51 of 76 (67%) patients using the combined approach of PTBC and surgery for PTBC failures. CONCLUSIONS: PTBC is an effective initial modality for treating posttransplant biliary strictures. Prolonged cold ischemic and operative times and multiple or peripheral strictures predispose to treatment failure. Solitary extrahepatic strictures that fail PTBC are salvageable with surgical revision with excellent results.     

Reconstructive surgery for ischemic-type lesions at the bile duct bifurcation after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, morbidity, mortality, and clinical success rate of surgical reconstruction of the biliary system in patients with ischemic-type biliary lesions in their liver graft. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: After liver transplantation, strictures in the biliary tree with secondary sludge formation can occur in the absence of vascular problems. Jaundice, pruritus, and recurrent cholangitis are predominant clinical features leading to considerable morbidity. Interventional measures are the first-line treatment but are frequently only of transient success. Retransplantation is usually considered when interventional treatment is not effective. METHODS: Surgical exploration and reconstruction was performed in 17 patients with ischemic-type biliary strictures at a median of 2 years after liver transplantation. Findings during surgery, surgical strategies, and postsurgical courses are described. Clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters of cholestasis and liver function were analyzed in the postsurgical course. RESULTS: During surgery, all 17 patients were found to have strictures or sclerotic changes involving the hepatic bifurcation and extrahepatic bile duct. Sludge or stones were present in nine patients. In 14 patients with viable bile ducts proximal to the bifurcation, surgical reconstruction was performed by resection of the bifurcation and hepaticojejunostomy. In three patients with more extensive biliary destruction, portoenterostomy with or without peripheral hepatojejunostomy was performed. The prevalence rate of biliary infection at surgery was 93%; the predominant organisms were Candida and enterococci. The perioperative mortality rate was 0%. Clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters became normal or were considerably improved in 14 of 16 patients (88%). CONCLUSIONS: The hepatic bifurcation seems to be a predominant site for ischemic-type biliary changes after liver transplantation. Surgical treatment by resection of the bifurcation and reconstruction by high hepaticojejunostomy is a safe and highly effective approach leading to cure or persistent major improvement in most patients.     

Bile duct injuries: management of late complications

Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for gallbladder stones. In the current study, this approach was associated with a higher incidence of biliary injuries. The authors evaluate their experience treating complex biliary injuries and analyze the literature. Methods In a 15-year period, 169 patients with bile duct injuries (BDIs) resulting from open and laparoscopic cholecystectomies were treated. The patients were retrospectively evaluated through their records. Biliary injury and associated lesions were evaluated with imaging studies. Surgical management included therapeutic endoscopy, percutaneous interventions, hepaticojejunostomy, liver resection, and liver transplantation. Postoperative outcome was recorded. Survival analysis was performed with G-Stat and NCSS programs using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Of the 169 patients treated for BDIs, 148 were referred from other centers. The injuries included 115 lesions resulting from open cholecystectomy and 54 lesions resulting from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 110 patients (65%) fulfilled the criteria for complex injuries, 11 of whom met more than one criteria. Injuries resulting from laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies were complex in 87.5% and 72% of the patients, respectively. The procedures used were percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for 30 patients, hepaticojejunostomy for 96 patients, rehepaticojejunostomy for 16 patients, hepatic resection for 9 patients, and liver transplantation projected for 18 patients. Hepaticojejunostomy was effective for 85% of the patients. The mean follow-up period was 77.8 months (range, 4–168 months). The mortality rate for noncomplex BDI was 0%, as compared with the mortality rate of 7.2% (8/110) for complex BDI. Mortality after hepatic resection was nil, and morbidity was 33.3%. The actuarial survival rate for liver transplantation at 1 year was 91.7%. Conclusions Complex BDIs after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are potentially life-threatening complications. In this study, late complications of complex BDIs appeared when there was a delay in referral or the patient received multiple procedures. On occasion, hepatic resections and liver transplantation proved to be the only definitive treatments with good long-term outcomes and quality of life.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析南京军区福州总医院肝胆外科2005年1月至2015年12月肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者的临床资料。24例受者胆管结石确诊主要依据T管造影、MRCP或ERCP。确诊胆管结石受者均采用ERCP下行球囊扩张联合胆道塑料支架置入治疗,术中采用地西泮镇静,同时密切监测生命体征。观察肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者结石类型、狭窄情况、ERCP治疗情况及其治疗前后肝功能指标变化。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较ERCP治疗前后受者血清总胆红素(TBil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、ALT和AST水平变化。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果24例受者中胆总管结石20例(包括单纯胆总管结石11例、胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄9例),肝内、外胆管结石4例。肝移植至并发胆管结石平均间隔时间(604±215)d。19例发生在术后12～66个月,余5例发生在术后3个月内。11例胆总管结石受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架引流治疗,治疗有效。9例胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,其中8例治疗有效;1例因重度胆管狭窄,反复内镜取石不能取尽,继发感染再次行肝移植。4例肝内、外胆管结石受者均采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋左、右肝管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,治疗有效。受者内镜治疗后血清TBil、ALP和GGT分别为31、179和247 mmol/L,均低于内镜治疗前水平(43、273和385 mmol/L),差异均有统计学意义(z＝0.042、0.001、0.004,P均<0.05)。截至2017年12月,24例受者随访时间为1～2年,4例因原发性肝癌复发分别于肝移植术后9、5、34、25个月死亡,1例因上消化道出血于肝移植术后34个月死亡,1例因重度胆管狭窄行二次肝移植并于2014年4月因肝脓肿继发感染性休克死亡,1例因感染性休克于肝移植术后33个月死亡,其余17例随访期间未见结石再发。 结论内镜下行球囊扩张联合塑料支架置入治疗原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石安全、有效,可作为目前原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石的首选治疗方案。     

Immunosuppression as adjuvant therapy for biliary atresia

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Despite improvements in the surgical management of biliary atresia, the long-term incidence of progressive liver failure remains high. Because chronic inflammation involving both bile ducts and liver parenchyma contributes to the pathology, the authors have hypothesized that the liver damage may be altered using immunosuppressive therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of long-term steroid therapy in patients with biliary atresia. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients with biliary atresia treated with an hepatoportoenterostomy and postoperative steroid therapy at our 3 institutions was undertaken. Patients were treated uniformly with immunosuppressive doses of oral steroids for a minimum of 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-five infants with biliary atresia were treated with steroid therapy. Overall survival rate was 22 patients (88%) with a mean follow-up period of 50 months. Nineteen patients (76%) became jaundice free with native liver function. Four patients (16%) did not respond to treatment and required transplantation. Age less than 12 weeks was a crucial predictor of success of adjuvant steroid therapy. Cholangitis developed in 8 patients (32%). There were no complications caused by steroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Steroid administration at immunosuppressive doses markedly improves the clinical outcome within the first 5 years after surgery as measured by jaundice-free status and survival without liver transplantation when compared with concurrent reports. These results suggest that immunosuppressive therapy is safe and has a positive impact on the clinical course of this disease. However, a randomized study is needed to ultimately prove such an hypothesis.     

Outcome of post-liver transplant ischemic and nonischemic biliary stenoses treated with percutaneous interventions: the Bologna experience

In liver transplantation (LT), biliary strictures (BSs) are among the most common complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous treatments in the management of post-LT BSs. Between 1999 and 2007, 48 patients underwent percutaneous treatments for posttransplant BSs. We divided the population into 2 groups according to the cause [ischemic (n = 14) or nonischemic (n = 34)] and into further subgroups according to the site [anastomotic (n = 34) or nonanastomotic (n = 14)]. All patients were treated with bilioplasty; in 9 patients who were refractory to bilioplasty, metallic stents were implanted. A technical success rate of 90% was achieved without differences between the ischemic and nonischemic groups or between the anastomotic and nonanastomotic subgroups (P = 0.10). The major complication rate was 4%. The overall 1- and 3-year primary patency rates were 94% and 45%, respectively, and better results were found for patients with nonischemic stenoses versus patients with ischemic stenoses (P = 0.032). The overall secondary patency rates were 94% and 83% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, and there were no statistical differences between the ischemic and nonischemic groups or between the anastomotic and nonanastomotic groups. In the stent subgroup, the overall primary 1- and 2-year patency rates were 100% and 71%, respectively, and the secondary patency rates were 100% and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, a percutaneous approach is highly effective for the treatment of post-LT BSs, and the best results are obtained for patients with simple, nonischemic BSs (technical success rate = 94%, 3-year primary patency rate = 81%, 3-year secondary patency rate = 75%). For patients with ischemic BSs, closer follow-up and retreatment are more frequently needed to achieve secondary patency rates comparable to (or even better than) those for patients with nonischemic stenoses.     

再次肝移植8例经验总结

目的总结再次肝移植的临床经验。方法回顾分析我中心再次肝移植病人临床资料，并结合文献进行讨论。结果共有8例病人接受了再次肝移植术，再次肝移植率为3．64％，再次移植原因中慢性排异反应2例、胆道缺血性病变5例、肝动脉栓塞1例。术后5例恢复顺利痊愈出院，已分别存活8、7、4、3、1个月，3例死亡，1例死于感染性休克，1例死于多器官功能衰竭，1例死于颅内出血。结论再次肝移植能有效挽救移植肝失功病人的生命，再移植指征的掌握、手术时机的选择、手术技巧的提高和围手术期的正确处理是提高再次移植成功率的关键。     

Biliary Complications After Pediatric Liver Transplantation

ObjectivesAfter liver transplantation, biliary complications are more prevalent in pediatric patients, with reported rates varying between 15% and 30%.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed biliary complications observed in 84 pediatric liver transplantation patients between July 2006 and September 2012. Biliary reconstruction was accomplished via a duct-to-duct anastomosis in 5 (83.3%) of the 6 patients receiving whole liver grafts and in 44 (56.4%) of the 78 patients who received a segmental live donor graft. For the remaining 34 patients with living donor and 1 patient with whole liver graft, Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was the preferred method.ResultsPost-transplantation biliary complications were encountered in 26 patients (30.1%). The biliary complication rate was 38% in 49 duct-to-duct anastomosis, whereas it was 20% in the hepaticojejunostomy group consisting of 35 recipients. Thirteen of the 18 biliary leaks were from duct-to-duct anastomoses and the remaining 5 were from the hepaticojejunostomies and 6 of the 8 biliary strictures were observed in recipients with duct-to-duct anastomosis. In 19 of the 26 patients, the biliary complications were successfully treated with interventional radiologic procedures and 1 was treated with stent placement during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.ConclusionsPercutaneous interventional procedures are valuable, effective, and life-saving therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of bile leaks and strictures after pediatric liver transplantations.     

原位肝移植治疗终末期自身免疫性肝病

目的 评价肝移植治疗终末期自身免疫性肝病的疗效并总结临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2003年9月至2009年7月间因终末期自身免疫性肝病接受肝移植手术的11例患者的临床资料,其中8例为原发性胆汁性肝硬化,2例为自身免疫性肝炎,1例为原发性硬化性胆管炎.平均年龄为(44.2±8.7)岁.手术方式均采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植术.术后免疫抑制治疗采用他克莫司或环孢素A联合激素的二联免疫抑制方案,部分患者使用骁悉和熊去氧胆酸.结果 本组11例患者中2例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者死亡,其中1例于术后第5天死于肺部感染和多器官功能衰竭,另1例于术后964 d死于脓毒症和移植肝失功.5例患者术后1个月内出现急性排斥反应,加强免疫抑制治疗后痊愈.9例患者生存良好并存活至今,随访期7～62个月,中位随访时间为38个月.受体1年存活率为91%,3年存活率为82%,最长存活期5年.随访期间未发现复发病例.结论 肝移植是治疗终末期自身免疫性肝病的惟一有效手段,手术时机的正确把握和有效的免疫抑制治疗是减少肝移植术后并发症的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of liver transplantation for end-stage autoimmune liver disease (ESALD) and summarize the clinical experience of liver transplantation in the treatment of ESALD.Methods The clinical data of 11 ESALD cases who underwent liver transplantation from September 2003 to July 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 2 males and 9 females ( median age, 44. 2 ± 8. 7years). The indication of liver transplantation was end stage of primary biliary cirrhrosis (8 cases),autoimmune hepatitis (2 cases), and primary sclerosing cholangitis ( 1 case). In all cases, modified piggyback liver transplantation with venacavaplasty was carried out. Postoperatively all patients were treated with immunosuppressive agents including tacrolimus (or cyclosporine A) and prednisone, some patients were treated additionally with mycophenolate mofetil and ursodeoxycholic acid. Results Postoperatively 2patients of primary biliary cirrhosis died, one of lung infection and multiple organ failure on the 5th postoperative day, the other dying of sepsis and graft dysfunction on the 964th postoperative day. Five cases suffered from episodes of acute cellular rejection within 1 month after transplantation and was successfully reversed by strengthened immunosuppressive therapy. Nine patients recovered satisfactorily and with excellent life quality until now. Patients were followed up from 7 months to 62 months with the median follow-up time of 38 months. The recipient survival rate at 1 year and 3 years was 91% and 82% ,respectively. One patient has now survived for 5 years. No recurrent ALD case was found during follow up.Conclusions Orthotopic liver transplantation is an exclusive treatment for ESALD. Optimum operation timing and effective immunosuppressive treatment are very important for decreasing occurrence of complications.     

肝移植术后肝脓肿的诊治体会（附8例报道）

目的探讨肝移植术后肝脓肿的临床特点和治疗手段,以改善其预后。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院1999年4月到2013年9月期间收治的8例肝移植术后肝脓肿病例的临床资料,总结其临床特点、诱发因素、治疗方法及预后转归。结果 387肝移植患者术后发生肝脓肿8例,发生率为2.07%,主要诱因为各种胆道并发症、肝动脉并发症等。其主要的治疗方法包括使用敏感抗生素、减少或停用免疫抑制剂、超声引导下的脓肿穿刺引流、胆管狭窄球囊扩张成形术、经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTCD）、留置胆管支架、经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）及肝病灶切除术。8例患者均获访,随访时间3-59个月,中位数为23个月;其中4例治愈,1例好转,3例死亡。结论肝动脉和胆道并发症是肝移植术后肝脓肿发生的重要诱因,积极预防、治疗胆道和肝动脉并发症是减少肝移植术后肝脓肿发生和改善其预后的关键。