2型糖尿病患者代谢指标与认知障碍的关系

目的 探讨 2型糖尿病(T2DM )患者认知功能水平与血糖(Glu )、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素(Ins)水平等代谢指标之间的关系.方法 选取50例T2DM患者为T2DM组 ,47例年龄、性别构成比、文化程度、职业等方面相匹配的健康人作为对照组.应用多维度神经认知量表(连线测验、MoCA量表、数字广度测试、健康调查表)分别对两组人群进行认知功能检测 ,并将T2DM患者的认知功能评分与Glu、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、Ins水平进行相关性分析.结果 T2DM组的发散思维能力、短时记忆、空间与执行能力、注意能力、语言、抽象、延迟回忆、定向能力均低于对照组(P＜0 .05);焦虑、抑郁情绪重于对照组(P＜0 .05).多因素线性逐步回归分析结果显示 ,在年龄、病程、教育程度、吸烟指数、血压、血脂作为混杂因素校正的情况下 , Glu、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、体重指数(BMI)、Ins是导致认知功能评分下降的危险因素(P＜0 .05).结论 T2DM患者认知功能减退 ,且Glu、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、BMI、Ins水平与认知功能减退呈明显的正相关性.     

2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪与代谢指标及胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者内脏脂肪与代谢指标及胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 选取T2DM患者236例,测量内脏脂肪面积(VFA)和皮下脂肪面积(SFA),检测TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、尿酸(UA)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、HbA1c、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β).根据BMI和VFA对患者进行分组:BMI＜24kg/m2为正常体重(A)组(92例),≥24 kg/m2为超重或肥胖(B)组(144例);VFA＜100cm2为非内脏脂肪型肥胖(C)组(153例),≥100 cm2为内脏脂肪型肥胖(D)组(83例).比较临床资料及代谢指标的差异,分析VFA和SFA与代谢指标及胰岛素抵抗的关系以及VFA的影响因素.结果 与A组比较,B组体重较重,腰围较大,FIns、HOMA-IR、TG、UA、VFA、SFA较高,HDL-C较低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).与C组比较,D组体重较重,腰围较大,FIns、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、TG、SFA 较高,HDL-C 较低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).VFA 与BMI、FIns、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、TG、TC、LDL-C、UA呈正相关(rs=0.727、0.413、0.381、0.205、0.313,0.144、0.143、0.316,P＜0.05),与 HDL-C 呈负相关(rs =-0.32,P＜0.05).多重线性回归分析发现,BMI、腰围、HOMA-IR和TG是T2DM患者VFA的影响因素(P＜0.05).结论 T2DM患者内脏脂肪与代谢指标及胰岛素抵抗相关,BMI、腰围、HOMA-IR和TG是VFA的影响因素.     

外周血白细胞计数与2型糖尿病的相关性探讨

目的探讨外周血白细胞计数(WBC)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法对138例T2DM患者和46例健康患者(对照组)的WBC、糖、脂肪代谢的相关指标进行比较。结果 T2DM患者的年龄、体质指数(BMI)、WBC、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HBA1C)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)、HOMA-IR均高于对照组(P<0.05);Spearman相关分析显示WBC与年龄、病程、BMI、hs-CRP、HBA1C、LDL、HOMA-IR呈正相关(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析,以WBC为因变量,仅有年龄、病程、BMI、hs-CRP、HBA1C、HOMA-IR、LDL进入回归方程。结论 WBC的升高(虽然在正常范围内)可能参与了T2DM的发生,也可能成为T2DM的危险性预测指标。     

中老年腹部脂肪分布与冠心病的相关性研究

目的探讨腹部脂肪分布与冠心病的相关性。方法选择因心绞痛、心肌梗死及胸痛待查入院患者102例,行冠状动脉造影检查,根据造影结果分为冠心病组（n=54）和无冠心病组（n=48）,并在造影前后1周内对上述患者行腹部脐平面CT扫描,比较2组间所测得腹内脂肪面积（VA）、腹部脂肪面积（TA）以及VA／TA比值。结果2组间年龄、BMI、TA间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而VA、VA／TA差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论CT定量测定腹部脂肪分布是一种检查腹型肥胖的有效手段,VA／TA值≥0．44可判断或预测冠心病。     

2型糖尿病甲状腺激素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨非老年人群2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者甲状腺激素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法 562例T2DM患者,根据胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的上1/4位点分为胰岛素抵抗组(396例)和非胰岛素抵抗组(166例)。空腹测量身高、体重,计算体质量指数(BMI);并静脉采血检测血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(INS)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(CHOL)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。结果胰岛素抵抗组的BMI、Hb A1c、TSH、TG、LDL-C显著高于非胰岛素抵抗组(P<0.05);FT3、HDL-C显著低于非胰岛素抵抗组(P<0.01);性别、年龄、病程、FT4、CHOL两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相关分析显示,HOMA-IR与BMI(r=0.349,P<0.001)、TSH(r=0.459,P<0.001)、TG(r=0.191,P<0.001)、LDL-C(r=0.114,P=0.037)呈显著正相关;与FT3(r=-0.239,P<0.001)、HDL-C(r=-0.106,P=0.041)呈显著负相关;与Hb A1c(r=0.067,P=0.219)无相关性。在校正了混杂因素后,HOMA-IR与FT3(r=-0.179,P=0.001)和TSH(r=0.297,P<0.001)独立相关。结论 T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗与甲状腺激素水平有关,且共同影响脂质代谢;低三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)可能是机体过度消耗的保护机制,高TSH可能加重了T2DM胰岛素抵抗的进展。     

2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素和胰岛素敏感性的相关性

目的探讨正常人和2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清脂联素（APN）和胰岛素敏感性的相关性。方法正常对照组20例,T2DM58例按体重指数（BMI）又分为正常体重组（16例）、超重组（22例）和肥胖组（20例）。测定正常对照组和T2DM各组患者的胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、APN、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、空腹血糖（FPG）和空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平。结果与正常对照组相比,T2DM超重组和肥胖组的APN显著降低（均P〈0．01）,肥胖组APN较超重组显著降低,超重组APN较正常体重组显著降低（均P〈0．05）;与正常对照组相比,T2DM各组HOMA-IR显著升高（均P〈0．01）。所有研究个体APN与BMI（r=-0．538,P〈0．01）和HOMA-IR（r=-0．459,P〈0．01）呈显著负相关。结论T2DM患者血清APN水平显著降低,并以超重组和肥胖组患者降低更为明显;APN与HOMA-IR和BMI呈显著负相关。     

血清vaspin水平与2型糖尿病及其微血管病变的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)及糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清人内脏脂肪特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(vaspin)水平的变化及临床意义.方法 80例T2DM患者,按尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)≥和＜20μg/min分为单纯糖尿病组(SDM组,40例)与糖尿病肾病组(DN组,40例),30例正常人为对照组(NC组),采用ELISA法测定三组血清vaspin水平.结果 三组血清vaspin水平依次为:DN组＜NC组＜SDM组,血清vaspin水平与性别、体重指数(BMI)、空腹胰岛素水平(FIns)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈显著正相关,与病程及UAER呈显著负相关;FIns、BMI和性别是影响血清vaspin水平的独立危险因素.结论 血清vaspin水平与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗(IR)、T2DM及其微血管并发症之间具有一定相关性.     

2型糖尿病、冠状动脉硬化性心脏病与血清脂联素、网膜素、内脏脂肪素的相关性探索

目的探讨血清脂联素、网膜素、内脏脂肪素在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者及冠状动脉硬化性心脏病(CHD)患者中的变化。方法健康体检者30例为对照组,2型糖尿病患者34例为T2DM组,冠状动脉硬化性心脏病患者41例为CHD组。采用双抗体夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组患者血清脂联素、网膜素和内脏脂肪素含量;采用全自动血生化分析仪分别检测各组患者空腹血清葡萄糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,采用化学发光法检测各组患者空腹血清胰岛素(FINS)含量,采用稳态模型评估法(HOMA-IR)计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果 T2DM组、CHD组血清脂联素、网膜素水平均明显低于对照组(F=34.99,100.65,q=7.60~21.68,P<0.01);T2DM组、CHD组血清内脏脂肪素水平明显高于对照组(F=21.28,q=9.25,8.30,P<0.01),T2DM组与CHD组以上指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组血清脂联素、网膜素、内脏脂肪素与HOMA-IR均有相关性(P<0.01)。结论血清脂联素、网膜素、内脏脂肪素与2型糖尿病、冠状动脉硬化性心脏病的发生发展密切相关。     

67例2型糖尿病患者体脂与其胰岛B细胞功能的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者体脂肪量、分布与其胰岛B细胞功能相关性。方法用体重脂肪测定仪测量67例T2DM患者的体脂肪牢、体脂肪含量,测身高、体重、腰出、臀围,计算体重指数、腰臀比。作标准馒头试验和精氨酸刺激试验,分别检测各时断分泌的C肽,计算C肽曲线下的面积。结果WHR、WC、BMI、FAT、FATMASS与0hC肽、2hC肽、标准馒头试验和精氨酸刺激试验洲得的C肽曲线下的面积呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论体脂增多,尤其是腹部脂肪增多,加重T2DM患者胰岛B细胞的负担,是T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗的重要危险因素。     

血清尿酸水平在2型糖尿病发生发展中的意义

目的探讨血清尿酸水平在2型糖尿病(T2DM)发生发展中的意义。方法检测934例T2DM患者、1329例空腹血糖(FPG)受损者及16243例健康体检者血清尿酸水平及其相关代谢指标。根据血清尿酸水平分别对男、女T2DM患者进行分组,分析不同尿酸水平与各代谢指标的相关性。结果 T2DM及FPG受损者较血糖正常者年龄偏大,体重指数(BMI)、收缩压、FPG、甘油三酯、尿酸增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低;不同性别血糖水平与尿酸水平变化呈正性线性关系,相同血糖水平下男性尿酸水平明显高于女性;T2DM患者按照性别尿酸分层分析显示,BMI、收缩压、舒张压、胆固醇、甘油三酯和FPG与血清尿酸水平呈正相关。结论血清尿酸水平是T2DM发生发展的独立危险因素。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.