CBL联合临床路径教学在全科医师转岗培训心内科教学中的应用

目的　评价以病例为基础的教学（case-based learning,CBL）联合临床路径在全科医师转岗培训心内科教学中的效果。方法　纳入2018年5月至2019年3月在重庆医科大学附属永川医院心内科进行全科医师转岗培训的学员63人,随机分为对照组（n=30）和实验组（n=33）;对照组采用传统带教模式教学,实验组采用CBL联合临床路径教学;比较培训结束后两组学员理论考试及操作考试成绩,并采用问卷调查评价培训满意度。结果　实验组出科理论考试、实践技能考试分数均高于对照组[（83.57±4.32）分vs.（77.10±4.72）分,t=-5.678,P<0.001;（78.24±5.28）分vs. （70.83±5.86）分,t=-5.279,P＜0.001];在规范诊疗、提高学习兴趣、医患沟通、查体技能提升等满意度调查中,实验组均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论　在全科医师转岗培训心内科教学中,CBL联合临床路径教学优于传统教学,值得在全科医师转岗培训中推广。     

PBL联合场景模拟在规培全科医师CPR教学中的应用效果评价

目的　评价PBL联合场景模拟在全科医师规培心肺复苏（cardiopulmonary resuscitation，CPR）教学中的应用效果，探讨有助于培养学员临床思维及实践能力的教学方法。方法　选择江苏大学附属宜兴医院2018级规培全科医师40人，随机分成实验组20人（采用PBL联合场景模拟教学）和对照组20人（采用传统教学）。实验组通过课前准备、课堂讨论、实战模拟和分析总结等环节，进行4课时的CPR培训；对照组通过课堂授课、教学查房、分析讨论、技能培训等环节，进行4课时的CPR培训。对两组学员进行相同的理论考试、技能考核，并实施统一的问卷调查；应用SPSS 18.0统计考核与调查数据，组间比较行t检验或卡方检验。结果　实验组学员的理论考试平均成绩为（87.5±4.3）分，高于对照组的（81.2±4.7）分；实验组学员的技能考核平均成绩为（91.0±1.5）分，高于对照组的（83.1±1.8）分；两项成绩的组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。问卷结果显示，认为所受教学方式对促进自身各项能力较为“显著”的实验组学员数量，多于对照组，且差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　PBL联合场景模拟能有效提高规培全科医师CPR教学质量，利于学员完善临床思维和增强综合处理能力。     

情景模拟教学在低年资外科住院医师心肺复苏培训中的应用

目的　探讨在低年资外科住院医师心肺复苏（cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR）培训中应用情景模拟教学的效果。方法　选取医院心外科学习的低年资（工作年限< 3年）住院医师133名,纳入对照组65人和观察组68人;对照组采用传统课堂授课法：教师讲解?邛示范?邛学员练习?邛教师辅导;观察组采用情景模拟教学：教师讲解?邛示范?邛学员练习?邛教师辅导?邛情景模拟。两组培训前后进行CPR理论及双人操作考核,比较培训前后组内及组间考核得分差异。采用SPSS 22.0进行t检验。结果　入组对象人口学特征差异无统计学意义。培训后两组的CPR理论和操作成绩均提高,且培训前、后两组组内理论及CPR操作成绩比较,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000）。培训前两组间理论及CPR操作成绩比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05);培训后两组间CPR操作成绩比较,观察组[（84.62±3.94）分]明显高于对照组[（79.68±5.45）分],差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）,而两组间理论成绩比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　传统课堂授课和情景模拟教学均能提高外科低年资住院医师CPR理论及技能水平,但情景模拟教学在改进学员CPR操作表现方面比传统课堂授课教学更佳。     

TSPV四步教学法在妇科腹腔镜手术技能培训中的应用实践#

目的 探讨TSPV四步教学法在妇科腹腔镜手术技能培训中的应用及教学效果。方法 30名参加妇科腹腔镜手术培训的学员被随机分为两组，每组15人，实验组采取TSPV四步教学法，对照组接受传统带教模式，分期完成培训及考核。对比分析两组学员一般资料、培训考核成绩、教学反馈及满意度调查情况。结果 两组学员在年龄、性别分布、学历、临床工作年限等一般资料上无统计学差异。两组理论考核成绩无显著性差异（85.3±4.6 VS 83.4±4.3，P=0.252），实验组模拟操作考核（91.7±5.2 VS 72.4±5.9，P=0.000）、临床实践考核成绩（88.5±4.8 VS 82.7±6.7，P=0.011）显著优于对照组。实验组对教学满意度总体评价更好。结论 TSPV四步教学法是一种更优化且受欢迎的妇科腹腔镜培训模式，建议在腹腔镜手术教学中进一步推广验证。     

基于DEU理念的“微病房”教学在神经外科住院医师规范化培训中的应用研究

目的 探究基于实习专用病房（dedicated education units，DEU）理念的“微病房”教学在神经外科住院医师规范化培训中的应用效果。方法 将首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科2021级22名住院医师规范化培训学员作为对照组，采用传统教学；2022级24名学员作为观察组，采用基于DEU理念下的“微病房”教学。比较两组学员培训前后理论知识及操作技能成绩、临床思维能力及教学满意度。采用SPSS 21.0进行卡方检验、Z检验和t检验。结果 观察组学员出科操作技能[（190.63±4.35） vs. （86.79±4.82）]及病例分析成绩[（190.54±5.06） vs. （86.13±5.35）]均高于对照组（P<0.05）；观察组学员培训后开阔思想、统筹思维、求知欲及认知成熟度方面的评分均高于对照组（P<0.05）；观察组学员对神经外科规范化培训带教教师、教学方法及教学效果满意的人数占比均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 将基于DEU理念的“微病房”教学应用于神经外科住院医师规范化培训中，可有效提高培训学员临床实践能力及职业素质，培养其专科临床思维，提升其自主学习能力，改善培训质量，值得推广应用。     

PBL联合腹腔镜手术在妇科教学中的应用

目的　探讨以问题为基础的学习（problem-based learning,PBL）联合腹腔镜手术教学在妇科住院医师规范化培训中的价值。方法　选择2015年9月至2016年9月在浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院进行妇产科规范化培训的学员46名。随机平均分为两组;观察组采用 PBL 教学联合腹腔镜手术教学,对照组采用传统教学。以考试及问卷调查的方法对两组进行教学效果的评估。采用SPSS 20.0 统计软件对结果进行卡方检验或t检验。结果　观察组学员理论及技能操作考试成绩均明显高于对照组[（90.78±2.73） vs．（85.09±3.78）;（89.13±2.90） vs． （80.87±4.19）],差异有统计学意义;观察组腹腔镜操作考试通过率高于对照组（91.30% vs． 65.21%,P=0.035）;操作时间明显少于对照组[（16.74±3.08） vs． （20.43±3.94）,P=0.001];观察组学员在临床应变能力、临床操作能力、学习积极性、带教满意度方面均优于对照组（P ＜ 0.05）。结论　在相同课时内,PBL教学联合腹腔镜手术教学能更有效地提高住院医师的基础理论知识和临床实践能力。     

基于雨课堂的翻转教学在骨科专业住院医师规范化培训中的应用

目的　评价基于雨课堂的翻转教学在骨科专业住院医师规范化培训中的应用及效果。方法　选取62名骨科专业规培学员作为研究对象,随机分为翻转课堂教学组及传统教学组,每组31人;翻转课堂教学组在骨科专业住院医师规培教学中实施基于雨课堂的翻转课堂教学,包括通过雨课堂课前提前学习、课中个性化讨论病例和课后教学三个部分;比较两组学员的理论知识、临床技能及对教学活动的评价。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行秩和检验和卡方检验。结果　所有学员均完成了理论知识、临床技能及效果评价。结果显示翻转课堂教学组学员的理论知识和临床技能的分数分别为（88.7±10.3）分、（26.8±2.2）分,显著高于传统教学组（79.2±18.6）分、（20.4±2.9）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;且翻转课堂教学组学员对教学活动的评价,包括参与度、满意度、积极性及学习效果,均显著优于传统教学组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　在骨科专业住院医师规范化培训教学活动中应用基于雨课堂的翻转课堂教学,有利于提高学员的学习成绩、培养学员的自主学习能力、提高学习的满意度和积极性。     

混合式学习在针灸实训中的设计应用和对照研究

目的　探讨混合式学习在刺法灸法学“毫针刺法”教学中的应用效果。方法　将针灸推拿专业本科二年级学生按照班级分为两组,实验组38人,对照组34人,分别采用混合式学习和传统方式进行“毫针刺法”授课。“混合式学习”为线上微信社区操作练习打卡与线下课堂学习相结合。比较两组学生的课后测试成绩,同时对实验组学生进行问卷调查,以评价混合式学习效果。采用SPSS 19.0进行统计分析,两组数据比较行t检验。结果　实验组“毫针刺法”平均成绩为（4.73±0.15）分,高于对照组的（4.27±0.46）分,差异有统计学意义（t=5.588,P=0.000）。问卷结果显示,88%（22/25）的学生认为,混合式学习对促进针灸操作技能有实效性。结论　混合式学习可以有效提高学生针灸操作技能,并且能够促进学生养成良好学习习惯,使课堂操作练习更有针对性。而更友好的线上学习工具,有待后期研究中进一步挖掘。     

基于微信平台的案例教学在骨科实习带教中的作用探讨

目的　探讨基于微信平台的案例式教学在骨科实习生教学中的应用效果。方法　将101名在海军军医大学第一附属医院虹口院区骨科实习学员分为两组,实验组50人,采用基于微信平台的案例式教学法进行实习教学;对照组51人,采用传统的教学模式进行实习教学。学员出科时分别以“出科考试”和“问卷调查”的方式进行教学效果评估和比较。出科考试内容包括基础理论知识和病例分析。问卷调查包括课前主动预习、教学方式、课堂参与讨论、课堂兴趣、课堂效果五个方面。采用ＳＰＳＳ 17.0软件进行统计学分析。结果　实验组学员出科考试总成绩、理论考试成绩、病例分析成绩分别为（83.58±5.68）分、（49.98±3.71）分、（33.60±2.28）分,优于对照组的（80.28±6.04）分、（48.20± 4.12）分、（32.08±2.06）分,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。问卷调查结果提示,实验组在课前主动预习、教学方式、课堂参与讨论、课堂兴趣、课堂效果、满意度方面均优于对照组,主动预习、参与感和兴趣感差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　在骨科实习带教过程中,基于微信平台案例式教学方式能够更好地调动学员学习的积极性和参与度,能提高骨科实习的效果,值得在教学中推广应用。     

案例模拟和参与式反馈教学法在新生儿复苏培训中的应用

目的　探讨案例模拟和参与式反馈教学法在新生儿复苏培训中的应用效果。方法选取西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院产儿科医护人员120人为研究对象，分4批完成理论培训后再进行新生儿复苏操作练习。前2批设为对照组，由培训教师根据复苏流程示范操作步骤及要领后，以个人为单位练习，发现问题随时指导；后2批设为研究组，采用参与式反馈教学法，按照团队案例模拟操作→观看操作过程→反馈讨论的流程进行教学。教学结束后，分别比较两组学生的理论、操作，团队合作能力成绩及培训满意度。采用SPSS 16.0软件进行t检验，检验水准α=0.05。结果　研究组与对照组理论考核成绩分别为（34.27±2.26）分和（33.68±2.32）分，两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.166）；操作成绩分别为（36.15±1.46）分和（34.79±2.43）分，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）；团队协作能力分别为（35.78±1.26）分和（33.63±1.98）分，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。研究组与对照组在学习兴趣、操作主动性、对知识的掌握及对教学方式的满意度等方面比较差异有统计学意义，P值分别为（0.001、0.003、0.000、0.000）。结论　参与式反馈教学法用于新生儿复苏培训，能明显提升学员操作能力、团队协作能力。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.