迭代算法低剂量CT诊断腰椎间盘突出

目的 评价迭代算法（AIDR 3D）和滤波反投影算法（FBP）联合低剂量CT扫描评估腰椎间盘突出的价值。方法 将150例患者随机分为A~E 5组,每组30例,A~D组扫描管电压为120 kV,管电流分别为 100 mAs、50 mAs、30 mAs、20 mAs,E组管电压为80 kV、管电流为100 mAs。对每组图像分别进行AIDR 3D和FBP重建,比较不同重建方法各组图像的噪声、SNR及CNR。并采用3分法对图像质量进行主观评分,评分 ≥ 2为诊断可接受图像质量,比较各组图像椎间盘突出的显示能力。结果 在不同扫描条件下,采用AIDR 3D重建的图像噪声、SNR、CNR及椎间盘突出的显示情况方面均优于FBP。同一重建技术条件下,随辐射剂量减低,噪声升高、SNR和椎间盘突出显示能力降低;除采用AIDR 3D的50 mAs组CNR略低于30 mAs组外,其余各组随剂量减低,CNR降低;同一剂量下两种重建技术采用降低管电流得到的图像质量优于降低管电压的方式。结论 采用AIDR 3D重建方法联合低剂量CT扫描诊断椎间盘突出有一定的价值。     

双源CT大螺距结合低管电压技术术前诊断婴幼儿肺静脉异位引流

目的 探讨双源CT大螺距结合低管电压技术术前诊断婴幼儿肺静脉异位引流（APVC）的价值。方法 对60例3岁以内拟诊APVC患儿于术前1周行心脏CT扫描,将其随机均分为A组、B组。A组管电压80 kVp,管电流60~80 mAs,对比剂剂量1.2 ml/kg体质量;B组管电压70 kVp,管电流70~100 mAs,对比剂剂量1.0 ml/kg体质量;2组螺距均为3.4。测量2组图像肺动脉主干、肺静脉、左右心房CT值和噪声,计算SNR和肺动静脉CT值比值及有效辐射剂量（ED）;对图像质量进行主观评分;与术后所见进行对照。结果 最终入组58例,A组28例,B组30例。2组间各测量部位CT值、图像噪声、SNR及肺动静脉CT值比值差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）;B组ED低于A组（P=0.013）。在显示细小肺静脉分支及引流血管方面,B组图像质量主观评分高于A组（P=0.047）。58例术后均诊断为APVC。在分型诊断方面,术前诊断准确率A组为96.43%（27/28）,B组为93.33%（28/30）;对于合并畸形,术前诊断准确率A组为97.44%（38/39）,B组95.35%（41/43）,差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。结论 双源CT大螺距扫描结合低管电压技术术前诊断婴幼儿APVC准确率高,且可降低辐射剂量。     

超低管电流三维自适应迭代剂量降低重建CT猪结肠成像质量与辐射剂量

目的 探讨超低管电流三维自适应迭代剂量降低(AIDR3D)重建CT猪结肠成像的图像质量与辐射剂量。方法 制作10段猪结肠息肉模型,每段猪结肠黏膜设有30枚直径1~15 mm的结节样模拟息肉。对所有模型均采用640层CT机进行扫描,管电压120 kVp,电流剂量分别为10、20、30、40、50 mAs。并获得滤波反投影(FBP)和AIDR3D重建图像,不同管电流及重建方法组合10组数据:A组(10 mA,FBP)、B组(10 mAs,AIDR3D)、C组(20 mAs,FBP)、D组(20 mAs,AIDR3D)、E组(30 mAs,FBP)、F组(30 mAs,AIDR3D)、G组(40 mAs,FBP)、H组(40 mAs,AIDR3D)、I组(50 mAs,FBP)、J组(50 mAs,AIDR3D)。测算图像的噪声、SNR及CNR作为定量指标,并对图像质量进行主观定性评分。以有效辐射剂量为指标比较各组图像的辐射剂量。结果 相同管电流条件下,AIDR3D图像的噪声低于FBP图像,SNC及CNR均高于FBP图像(P均<0.05)。D组与I组图像的噪声(P=0.052)、SNR(P=0.129)及CNR(P=0.053)差异均无统计学意义。B组图像的噪声(P=0.002)高于I组,SNR及CNR均低于I组(P均<0.001)。相同管电流条件下,AIDR3D图像的质量评分高于FBP图像(P均<0.05)。D组与I组的图像质量评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.121)。B组的图像质量评分低于I组(P<0.001)。 与I组(50 mAs,FBP)比较,D组(20 mAs,AIDR3D)的有效辐射剂量降低了59.90%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 超低管电流(20 mAs)扫描结合AIDR3D重建的猪结肠CT图像质量可媲美常规低管电流(50 mAs)扫描结合FBP重建的图像质量,并有效减低辐射剂量。     

低电压技术在基于噪声的低电流扫描冠状动脉CTA中的应用

目的 探讨基于噪声的低电流扫描联合低电压技术对冠状动脉CTA(CCTA)图像质量和辐射剂量的影响。方法 纳入因疑似冠心病而接受CCTA的156例患者,其中常规电压组103例,采用基于噪声的低电流扫描,管电压120 kV;低电压组 53例,低电流扫描同时联合低电压技术,管电压100 kV。比较两组图像质量评分、CT值、噪声、SNR、CNR值及有效辐射剂量的差异。结果 低电压组图像质量评分、CT值、噪声、SNR和CNR值均大于常规电压组(P均<0.05);两组辐射剂量差异无统计学意义。结论 基于噪声的低电流扫描联合低电压技术可实现个性化低剂量扫描,同时提高CCTA图像质量。     

模拟婴幼儿头颅70 kV CT扫描的图像质量和辐射剂量

目的 探讨模拟婴幼儿头颅70 kV CT扫描条件下的图像质量和辐射剂量。方法 选用CPT500模体,分别于70 kV及120 kV、150~500 mAs条件下进行扫描,测量其低对比度模块中对比度为1.0%、直径为15 mm的圆柱体的CNR和CTDIvol值,分析两者的相关性。由2名经验丰富的放射科医师对图像的低对比可探测能力（LCD）进行评分。对70 kV、150~500 mAs测得的每组图像的CNR和LCD评分与婴幼儿头颅常规扫描条件（120 kV、200 mAs）图像的差异行统计学分析。结果 当管电压为70 kV及120 kV时,图像CNR与CTDIvol呈线性正相关性（r=0.96、0.94,P<0.001）;当管电流设置为150~400 mAs时,70 kV与常规扫描条件图像的CNR及LCD评分的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,但当管电流设置为450~500 mAs时,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 70 kV、450~500 mAs扫描条件可得到与传统的120 kV、200 mAs CT扫描相似的图像质量,前者辐射剂量明显降低,适用于婴幼儿头颅CT扫描。     

SAFIRE重建算法对胸部CT图像质量和辐射剂量的影响

目的 利用仿真胸部体模,比较原始数据域迭代重建(SAFIRE)算法与滤波反投影(FBP)算法对胸部CT图像质量和辐射剂量的影响。方法 在新双源CT(Somatom definition flash CT)设备上预设80、100、120 kV三组管电压值,采用自动毫安秒care dose 4D技术对仿真胸部体模进行扫描,分别用FBP及SAFIRE重建算法(等级1~5)重建图像,比较胸部不同组织结构的噪声及CT值,并由2名放射科医师独立评价图像质量。每组扫描结束后,记录CT剂量加权指数(CTDIvol)和剂量长度乘积(DLP),计算并比较有效剂量。结果 相同扫描参数检查时,SAFIRE重建算法较FBP算法图像噪声明显降低(P<0.05);不同扫描参数检查时,无论FBP算法或SAFIRE重建算法,图像噪声均随管电压增加而降低;胸部各组织结构的噪声会随重建算法和管电压改变而发生变化;100 kV/SAFIRE(等级3)的主观和客观图像质量指标均优于120 kV/FBP,且辐射剂量降低37.61%。结论 胸部CT扫描中,采用SAFIRE重建算法能有效提高图像质量,降低辐射剂量。     

低管电压低碘含量对比剂上腹部增强CT检查

目的 探讨低管电压低碘含量对比剂上腹部增强CT检查的应用价值。方法 选取100例接受上腹部增强CT扫描患者,随机分为A组（管电压120 kVp、碘含量300 mgI/ml）、B组（管电压120 kVp、碘含量270 mgI/ml）、C组（管电压100 kVp、碘含量300 mgI/ml）及D组（管电压100 kVp、碘含量270 mgI/ml）,各25例;均采用40%ASiR算法和FBP算法混合图像重建。测量并分析各组门静脉期图像相同部位CT值、CNR、图像噪声、容积CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）。按4分制对所得图像进行总体图像质量评价,并进行组间比较。分析CT诊断与病理结果的符合率。结果 D组与A组比较,腹主动脉CT值、肝实质CT值、CNR_腹主动脉、CNR_肝实质、噪声差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。A、B、C、D组CTDIvol分别为15.73±5.59、15.34±4.20、12.57±2.55、11.23±2.57,D组与A组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。4组CT诊断符合率分别为95.45%、90.00%、90.48%、90.91%。4组图像主观评分一致性良好。CT诊断符合率分别为95.45%、90.00%、90.48%、90.91%（P>0.05）。结论 采用低管电压（100 kVp）结合低碘含量（270 mgI/ml）对比剂行上腹部增强CT检查,所得图像质量符合诊断要求,且可降低X线辐射剂量。     

80 kVp扫描联合基于原始数据的迭代重建技术在儿童副鼻窦CT检查中的应用

目的 探讨Flash双源CT低管电压80 kVp扫描联合基于原始数据的迭代重建(SAFIRE)技术在儿童副鼻窦CT检查中的价值.方法 疑鼻窦炎行CT扫描患儿60例,A组30例采用100 kVp扫描,FBP重建;B组30例采用80 kVp扫描,SAFIRE重建,强度选择3级;其余条件不变.比较两组的有效剂量及图像质量的客观指标(CT值、图像噪声、SNR、CNR)、主观评分、诊断效能等.结果 A、B两组有效剂量、图像噪声、SNR、CNR差异均有统计学意义(P均 <0.05).两组图像的主观评分差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).两组诊断结果与临床诊断结果差异均无统计学意义(P均 >0.05).结论 在儿童副鼻窦扫描中采用Flash双源CT 80 kVp扫描联合SAFIRE重建技术,在显著降低辐射剂量的同时,还可保证图像质量及诊断效能,值得临床推广.     

低管电压联合原始数据迭代重建技术在眼眶CT扫描中的应用

目的 探讨第二代双源CT低管电压(100 kVp)扫描联合基于原始数据迭代重建(SAFIRE)在眼眶扫描中的应用价值。方法 对100例疑似眼眶病变患者行CT扫描, 分为100 kVp扫描(A)组50例, SAFIRE重建, 选择强度3级, 120 kVp扫描(B)组50例, 滤波反投影(FBP)重建;比较两组的辐射剂量及图像的平均CT值、图像噪声、SNR、CNR、图像质量主观评分、诊断效能等。结果 A、B两组辐射剂量比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.59, P=0.01), A组较B组有效辐射剂量降低约33.78%;与B组相比, A组图像噪声降低21.52%;SNR提高22.88%;CNR提高28.88%;且差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组图像的主观评分比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.34, P=0.88)。A、B两组CT诊断效能与临床诊断比较差异均无统计学意义(χ ²=0.08、0.10, P=0.99、0.99)。结论 采用第二代双源CT低管电压(100 kVp)联合SAFIRE重建技术行眼眶扫描, 能保证图像质量, 并可降低辐射剂量。     

基于体质量指数双能量冠状动脉CTA低剂量检查

目的 探讨基于体质量指数(BMI)低管电流自动原始数据域迭代重建(SAFIRE)技术双能量冠状动脉CTA低剂量检查的可行性。方法 将200例患者分为4组:A组(19 kg/m²≤BMI<24 kg/m²),A管电流为180 mAs,采用FBP重建;B组(BMI<19 kg/m²),A管电流60 mAs;C组(19 kg/m²≤BMI<24 kg/m²),A管电流90 mAs;D组(24 kg/m²≤BMI<30 kg/m²),A管电流120 mAs,B、C、D组采用SAFIRE-3级重建。比较4组平均CT值、图像噪声、SNR、CNR、图像质量主观评分及辐射剂量。结果 4组患者冠状动脉显示节段、图像质量主观评分、平均CT值、SD、SNR、CNR差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);有效剂量(ED)差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),ED值B、C、D组分别较A组下降65.82%、55.64%、24.18%。结论 基于BMI低管电流扫描SAFIRE重建双能冠状动脉CTA检查,能够保证图像质量并大幅降低辐射剂量。     

Examining Practitioners' Assessments of Perceived Aesthetic and Diagnostic Quality of High kVp–Low mAs Pelvis,Chest, Skull,and Hand Phantom Radiographs

This study investigated the usefulness of the dose optimization strategy of increased tube voltage (kVp) and decreased tube current-exposure time product (mAs) (or high kVp–low mAs) by examining practitioners' assessments of perceived aesthetic and diagnostic quality of direct digital radiographs acquired using this strategy. Ninety-one practitioners (radiologists, radiology residents, radiographers, and radiography students) from eight clinical sites in Ontario examined three types of radiographs (“standard” image, +20 kVp image, and +30 kVp image) for anthropomorphic pelvis, chest, skull, and hand phantoms and rated (on a five-point scale) each image in regard to its perceived aesthetic quality, perceived diagnostic quality, and visualization of anatomic structures. Our primary findings are that for the pelvis, skull, and hand–although not the chest–images acquired using standard technical factors were rated significantly higher in diagnostic and aesthetic quality than those acquired using the high kVp–low mAs strategy. Despite this, both standard and dose-optimized images of the pelvis, skull, and hand were rated to be of acceptable diagnostic quality for clinical use. In conclusion, for the pelvis, skull, and hand, an increase of 20 kVp was an effective strategy to reduce dose while still acquiring images of diagnostic quality.     

Effect of kVp on image quality and accuracy in coronary CT angiography according to patient body size: a phantom study

The aim is to investigate the effect of tube voltage and chest wall thickness on image quality, stenosis measurement, and radiation dose in coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in a phantom study. A phantom with tubes in a box at its center and concentric cylindrical plastic chambers of three layers at its periphery was constructed. The concentric cylinders were filled with oil or left empty to simulate different degrees of obesity. Retrospective CT scanning was performed at different kVps and mAs. Image noise, contrast to noise ratio (CNR), stenosis measurement, and radiation dose were obtained. A CNR higher than 10 was considered to be acceptable for clinical practice. Mean image noise was 51.7 at 80 kVp, 31.6 at 100 kVp, and 24.7 at 120 kVp (P < 0.001). A CNR greater than 10 could be achieved with all the images using 80 kVp as well as using 100 or 120 kVp. However, CNRs at 100 and 120 kVp were significantly higher than the CNR at 80 kVp (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between 100 and 120 kVp. All stenosis measurements were overestimated. Accuracy of stenosis measurement was significantly correlated with CNR (P < 0.05), but not with kVps. Mean doses were 2.07 mSv at 80 kVp, 3.37 mSv at 100 kVp, and 5.17 mSv at 120 kVp (P < 0.001). CNR per radiation dose was highest at 80 kVp, regardless of chest wall thickness. For CCTA, using 80 kVp with high mAs is the best choice, regardless of chest wall thickness, for minimal radiation dose and sufficient image quality.     

Individually adapted coronary 64-slice CT angiography based on precontrast attenuation values, using different kVp and tube current settings: evaluation of image quality

To evaluate the feasibility of an individually adapted coronary CT protocol based on precontrast attenuation values using different kVp and tube current settings. All images were acquired on a 64-slice CT scanner (Sensation 64, Siemens) in 270 consecutive patients. X-ray tube current and kVp settings were defined in 6 groups depending on the noise measurements at the heart level on pre-control unenhanced CT. The contrast medium was 400 mg/ml of iodine given at 1 ml/kg. The duration of injection was at 17 s in all cases, so the flow rate was adapted accordingly. Contrast enhancement and noise were measured from enhanced scans of the aortic root. The contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was used as an indicator of image quality. The mean contrast enhancement was 391 ± 83 HU. The mean radiation dose was 9.4 mSv (1.4-30.4 mSv). The mean noise was 39.8 ± 7.7 HU; noise was not significantly different between the groups, except for the 80 kVp group (mean noise = 54.5 HU, P < 0.05). The mean CNR was 10.1 ± 2.5, and CNR was similar in groups 1, 3, 4, and 5 (scanned at 80 kVp or 120 kVp), but significantly higher (CNR = 12) in group 2 (100 kVp) and significantly lower (CNR = 7.9) in group 6 (140 kVp). Individual adaptation of radiation dose is feasible in routine clinical coronary multislice CT, at various kVp and mAs settings. Image quality may be preserved with substantial radiation dose savings in patients with low attenuation values on precontrast images.     

Iterative reconstruction of dual-source coronary CT angiography: assessment of image quality and radiation dose

To assess the image quality and radiation dose of low-dose dual-source CT (DSCT) coronary angiography reconstructed using iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS), in comparison with routine-dose CT using filtered back projection (FBP). Eighty-one patients underwent low-dose coronary DSCT using IRIS with two protocols: (a)100 kVp and 200 mAs per rotation for body mass index (BMI)??0.05). Radiation reduction was 40% for I and 51% for II, compared to standard protocols. Compared with routine-dose CT using FBP, low-dose coronary angiography using IRIS provides significant radiation reduction without impairment to image quality.     

低剂量MDCT气管支气管树重建的动物实验研究

目的探讨低剂量多层螺旋CT气管支气管树重建的可行性.方法改变层厚(6.5、3.2 mm)、mAs(150、100、50、20 mAs)、管球电压(120、90 kVp)和螺距(1.75、1.25)中一项扫描参数,对8只健康成犬分别进行7个序列胸部扫描和MPR、SSD、VB重建;与标准剂量组比较,评估各序列气管重建图像质量及支气管显示率;测量重建图像0～3级支气管管径,与解剖标本气管内径比较.结果 100 mAs、50 mAs、90 kVp及螺距1.75组气管重建图像质量及0～4级支气管显示率与标准组无差异(P>0.05).100 mAs、90 kVp和螺距1.75组支气管测量值与解剖标本无差异(P>0.05),50 mAs组对3级支气管有差异(P<0.05),20 mAs组对2、3级支气管有差异(P<0.01).结论低剂量MDCT(标准剂量的20%～33%)的气道重建图像可提供足够的诊断信息,可用于小儿或无法配合扫描的患者.     

DR合理曝光条件的研究

目的:探讨数字化X线摄影的合理曝光条件,以确保影像质量和降低X线曝光量。材料与方法:利用Philips DR系统对膝关节正位,腰椎正位,颈椎侧位各30例被检者(志愿者)分别以不同的kVp曝光,记录mAs值,分析对比影像质量。结果:适当的高kVp(90—102kVp)摄影,可以降低X线曝光量(mAs)约3—5倍,影像质量无明显差异。结论:DR应以高kVp摄影为宜,对降低被检者的曝光量非常有意义。     

The feasibility of sub-millisievert coronary CT angiography with low tube voltage,prospective ECG gating,and a knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction algorithm

We evaluated the feasibility of sub-millisievert (mSv) coronary CT angiography (CCTA) using low tube voltage, prospective ECG gating, and a knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction algorithm. Twenty-four non-obese healthy subjects (M:F 13:11; mean age 50.2 ± 7.8 years) were enrolled. Three sets of CT images were reconstructed using three different reconstruction methods: filtered back projection (FBP), iterative reconstruction (IR), and knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction (IMR). The scanning parameters were as follows: step-and-shoot axial scanning, 80 kVp, and 200 mAs. On the three sets of CT images, the attenuation and image noise values were measured at the aortic root. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated at the proximal right coronary artery and the left main coronary artery. The qualitative image quality of the CCTA with IMR was assessed using a 4-point grading scale (grade 1, poor; grade 4, excellent). The mean radiation dose of the CCTA was 0.89 ± 0.09 mSv. The attenuation values with IMR were not different from those of other reconstruction methods. The image noise with IMR was significantly lower than with IR and FBP. Compared to FBP, the noise reduction rate of IMR was 69 %. The SNR and CNR of CCTA with IMR were significantly higher than with FBP or IR. On the qualitative analysis with IMR, all included segments were diagnostic (grades 2, 3, and 4), and the mean image quality score was 3.6 ± 0.6. In conclusion, CCTA with low tube voltage, prospective ECG gating, and an IMR algorithm might be a feasible method that allows for sub-millisievert radiation doses and good image quality when used with non-obese subjects.     

Low-dose CT for quantitative analysis in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Introduction

The clinical use of serial quantitative computed tomography (CT) to characterize lung disease and guide the optimization of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is limited by the risk of cumulative radiation exposure and by the difficulties and risks related to transferring patients to the CT room. We evaluated the effects of tube current-time product (mAs) variations on quantitative results in healthy lungs and in experimental ARDS in order to support the use of low-dose CT for quantitative analysis.

Methods

In 14 sheep chest CT was performed at baseline and after the induction of ARDS via intravenous oleic acid injection. For each CT session, two consecutive scans were obtained applying two different mAs: 60 mAs was paired with 140, 15 or 7.5 mAs. All other CT parameters were kept unaltered (tube voltage 120 kVp, collimation 32 × 0.5 mm, pitch 0.85, matrix 512 × 512, pixel size 0.625 × 0.625 mm). Quantitative results obtained at different mAs were compared via Bland-Altman analysis.

Results

Good agreement was observed between 60 mAs and 140 mAs and between 60 mAs and 15 mAs (all biases less than 1%). A further reduction of mAs to 7.5 mAs caused an increase in the bias of poorly aerated and nonaerated tissue (-2.9% and 2.4%, respectively) and determined a significant widening of the limits of agreement for the same compartments (-10.5% to 4.8% for poorly aerated tissue and -5.9% to 10.8% for nonaerated tissue). Estimated mean effective dose at 140, 60, 15 and 7.5 mAs corresponded to 17.8, 7.4, 2.0 and 0.9 mSv, respectively. Image noise of scans performed at 140, 60, 15 and 7.5 mAs corresponded to 10, 16, 38 and 74 Hounsfield units, respectively.

Conclusions

A reduction of effective dose up to 70% has been achieved with minimal effects on lung quantitative results. Low-dose computed tomography provides accurate quantitative results and could be used to characterize lung compartment distribution and possibly monitor time-course of ARDS with a lower risk of exposure to ionizing radiation. A further radiation dose reduction is associated with lower accuracy in quantitative results.     

双源CT双能量扫描显示胃癌的图像质量及迭代重建算法降低图像噪声的能力

目的评价不同管电压条件下双源CT(DECT)双能量扫描显示胃癌的图像质量及迭代重建成像(IRIS)技术降低图像噪声的能力。方法采用双源CT双能模式对60例经胃镜活检证实的胃癌患者行上腹平扫及双期增强扫描,获取不同管电压下的图像及融合图像;分别以FBP算法和IRIS算法重建图像,对不同算法下的CT值的差值和SNR进行统计学分析。结果动脉期和静脉期FBP-80kVp与FBP-DE图像中,胃癌与正常胃壁CT值差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.02、-2.29,P=0.04、0.02)。动脉期和静脉期FBP-80kVp与IRIS-80kVp图像的胃癌噪声、肝脏噪声差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。动脉期FBP融合图像(FBP-DE)与IRIS-80kVp图像中的肝脏SNR差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.33,P=0.75),而动脉期FBP-DE与IRIS-80kVp图像中的胃癌SNR和静脉期胃癌及肝脏SNR差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论 80kVp图像显示胃癌与正常胃壁间的CT值差异较好,有利于显示病变;利用IRIS技术可降低图像噪声,低电压与IRIS重建相结合可提高图像SNR。