(足母)长伸肌腱移位治疗(足母)外翻的应用解剖学

目的:探讨(足母)长伸肌腱移位治疗(足母)外翻的解剖学入路及手术的要点.方法:(1)100例正常足及100例(足母)外翻足,测量(足母)长伸屈肌腱的位置;(2)对20具尸体40足解剖,观察(足母)长伸肌腱、(足母)长屈肌腱、(足母)短伸肌腱、腓浅神经、腓深神经、隐神经及周围血管走行特点,并测量上述结构与解剖标志的相对位置.结果:正常(足母)长伸肌腱的位置在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.44±4.26)mm,在跖附关节中点外侧(2.00±2.22)mm,跖趾关节中点外侧(1.32±1.46)mm,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.22±2.42)mm范围内,(足母)长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(0.44±2.42)mm.在(足母)外翻的患(足母)者中,(足母)长伸肌腱在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.32±3.46)mm,在跗跖关节中点外侧(3.00±2.22)mm,跖趾关节中点外侧(4.22±2.26)mm,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.02±2.32)mm范围内,(足母)长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(3.24±2.32)mm.(足母)趾背侧皮肤由隐神经、腓浅及腓深神经支配.结论:(1)正常与(足母)外翻足的比较中,伸肌腱的位置在足横纹及止点处无明显的差异,在跖附关节及跖趾关节处,外翻足的伸肌腱明显外移(P＜0.05).(足母)长屈肌腱也明显外移(P＜0.05).(2)手术中隐神经终末支易受损伤.(3)伸肌腱内移并止点重建可矫正(足母)外翻.     

改形趾甲皮瓣与第2足趾联合移植再造拇指术的解剖学基础

目的为改形趾甲皮瓣与第2足趾联合移植再造拇指手术提供解剖学基础。方法对10例20侧红色乳胶灌注的成人足标本(其中新鲜足标本5例10侧)进行显微解剖,观测营养趾甲皮瓣、第2足趾骨皮瓣血供。结果趾甲皮瓣的血供为多源性,主要为趾腓侧趾底动脉和趾趾背动脉,二者外径分别为(1.5±0.3)mm、(0.9±0.2)mm;趾甲皮瓣静脉为大隐静脉-第一跖背静脉-趾腓侧趾背静脉;神经为趾腓侧固有神经和腓深神经。剔除第2足趾甲皮瓣的第2足趾骨皮瓣血供为第2足趾胫侧趾底、趾背动脉,外径分别为(0.7±0.1)mm、(0.3±0.1)mm;静脉为大隐静脉-第一跖背静脉-第2足趾胫侧趾背静脉;神经为第2足趾胫侧趾底固有神经。结论趾腓侧趾底动脉、趾趾背动脉及第2足趾胫侧趾底、趾背动脉起始、走行恒定,外径较粗,有较多皮肤穿支和恒定血供范围,可为改形趾甲皮瓣与第2足趾联合移植再造拇指手术提供理想的血供。     

副长屈肌1例

在解剖教学过程中，于一男性成人标本上，发现罕见的副长屈肌１例，现报道如下。副长屈肌紧贴于长屈肌下部的后外方，距内踝８ｃｍ处起始于胫后血管神经束外侧筋膜及小腿深筋膜，肌腹长５．５ｃｍ，宽１．５ｃｍ，厚０．３ｃｍ，肌腱长１１ｃｍ。肌腹向下位于胫后血管神经束深面移行为细长的肌腱通过屈肌支持带深面的踝管至足底，沿长屈肌腱外侧共同向前，经趾长屈肌腱深面，并与其交叉，但无腱束合并。副长屈肌的肌腱继续沿足底向前，腱束与收肌斜头肌腱合并，共同止于趾第一节趾骨底。此外、趾长屈肌腱五条，经内踝后方和分…     

副短屈肌变异一例

<正>笔者在解剖1具成年男性标本的过程中,发现1例左足变异肌与长屈肌腱罕见变异,查阅国内外文献未见报道。长屈肌腱从变异肌肌腹移行肌腱处的中间穿过。该变异肌有协助短屈肌屈的作用,可暂命名为副短屈肌。变异肌起于跟骨结节,在距跟骨结节5.38 cm处与趾短屈肌分离,于距跟骨结节8.90 cm处被长屈肌腱穿过,分为两束,内侧束较外侧束明显粗大,行于长屈肌腱深层,分离走行     

趾主要血管神经断层的解剖观察

目的：为拇指再造提供解剖学依据。方法：用３０例（男１９,女１１）成人趾作组织切片,取近、远侧横纹及二者中点处的横断层切片,对趾跖固有动脉和神经的位置、管径进行观测。结果：趾跖腓侧固有动脉和神经,Ｉ断层腓侧动脉 ３、４区出现率为 ９２．３１±４．９５％,Ⅱ、Ⅲ断层位于 ４、５区内者占 ８６．５４±6．３４％。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ断层腓侧神经 ４、５区出现率为 ９７．４５±２． ８８％,它们纵径平均值分别大于 １．０８ ｍｍ和 １． ６３ ｍｍ。趾跖胫侧固有动脉和神经在 ８、９区内者均高于 ９２％以上,其纵径平均值分别大于 ０． ６８ ｍｍ和 １． ６７ ｍｍ。结论：排侧动脉截面积均大于胫侧,腓侧可被视为优势动脉。神经与同名动脉基本位于同一区内。     

游离趾甲皮瓣嵌合第2趾骨复合组织瓣再造拇指的显微外科解剖

目的为游离趾甲皮瓣嵌合第2趾骨复合组织瓣再造拇指术提供解剖学基础。方法10只新鲜成人尸体足标本,经动脉灌注红色乳胶后进行解剖。系统观测趾和第2趾动、静脉分布规律,测量血管长度及直径;模拟游离踇趾甲皮瓣嵌合第2趾骨复合组织瓣再造拇指的术式设计。结果第1跖背动脉在第1趾蹼深层发出2分支:踇趾腓侧趾底固有动脉和第2趾胫侧趾底固有动脉。踇趾腓侧趾底动脉血管(分叉至进入皮瓣)长度(1.82±0.12)cm,直径(1.08±0.06)mm;第2趾胫侧趾底动脉血管(分叉至近侧趾间关节)长度(0.90±0.16)cm,直径(0.82±0.13)mm。静脉分深浅两层,第1、2趾背侧浅静脉汇流入足踝内侧的大隐静脉。模拟再造拇指相互环绕的血管蒂无卡压。结论 趾、第2趾动、静脉血管可保障趾甲皮瓣、第2趾骨复合组织瓣血供,模拟再造拇指相互环绕的血管蒂无卡压;适合设计游离趾甲皮瓣嵌合第2趾骨复合组织瓣再造拇指。     

外翻的生物力学分析

踇外翻是成人足常见的一种畸形。这是由于正常之(足母)趾就有一个向外倾斜的角度不过这个角度在正常的(足母)趾是小于15°的。所以当(足母)趾一旦受到挤压或肌腱的牵拉时很容易发生(足母)外翻。(足母)外翻不仅是外形的改变,而更重要的是由于这种畸形会引起(足母)趾周围肌腱、韧带与关节囊、子骨和第一跖趾关节的半脱位以及跖趾关节的舜间转动中心轨迹的改变。严重的(足母)外翻可继发足弓的塌陷甚至形成平跖足等一系列的变化。本文即以生物力学观点分析(足母)外翻所引起的这一系列现象以及他们之间相互关系。从而达到对(足母)外翻畸形进一步认识和重视。     

关于长屈肌腱与趾长屈肌腱的观察

对新鲜成人足61只(左38只右23只)用剥离法自内踝上5.0cm前内侧到足底直至足趾末端,逐层剥离,剖开踝管,显露胫骨后肌腱,趾长屈肌腱,胫后静脉,胫后动脉,胫神经及(足母)长屈肌腱。然后剥去跖腱膜,趾短屈肌,(足母)长展肌,小趾展肌及结缔组织等。结果如下:1.单支型:在足底内侧(足母)长屈肌腱与趾长屈肌腱交叉后,于第一楔骨近端中部,(足母)长屈肌腱发出一束与本身几乎等粗的肌纤维来,由此向前外方向斜行,在第一、二楔骨之间中部,与尚未分支的趾长屈肌膜会合,参与趾长屈肌腱的组成,分布到各趾去。本型计18例,占29.5%。2.双支型:     

双侧足底长屈肌腱和趾长屈肌腱变异一例报导

<正> 在指导学生局部解剖实验操作时,发现不多见的左右不对称的双足底长肌腱变异一例,现报导如下: 中年女尸,左侧足底,足跟至中趾的长度20cm。趾长屈肌腱在足底越过(足母)长屈肌腱的表面,分为三条肌腱止于第3—5趾的末节趾骨;(足母)长屈肌腱在足底从深面与趾长屈肌腱     

对称性双侧(足母)长、趾长屈肌变异一例

<正> 我们在解剖下肢肌时,发现一例双侧(足母)长屈肌和趾长屈肌变异,报道如下:男尸,成年。双侧(足母)长屈肌腱在足底越过趾长屈肌腱深面处,各分两束,外侧束再各分两束,分别止于第1～3趾的末节趾骨     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.