鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化模型的初步研究

目的：研制乙型肝炎纤维化的动物模型,方法：采用１ｄ龄樱桃谷鸭,随机分为正常组,鸭乙型肝炎病毒（ＤＨＢＶ）造模组及ＣＣｌ４造模组,分别于６０、１００及１１２ｄ随机抽样观察两造模组鸭肝组织病变化,于１００ｄ检测３组动物肝组织ＤＨＢＶ、ＤＮＡ、肝功能和肝纤维化的指标。结果 ＣＣｌ４造模组脂肪变性明显,肝细胞水样变性伴中等炎怀细胞浸润,纤维组织增生明显,ＤＨＢＶ造模模组以水样变性为主,可直窦消失或肝窦扩张     

鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化模型的研制(摘要)

目的:采用鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)阳性血清反复攻击雏鸭建立鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化动物模型。方法:用DHBV阳性血清0.1ml/只,从胫静脉注射1日龄樱桃谷鸭,每周1次,从第10周剂量加大为     

乙型肝炎肝纤维化麻鸭球结膜微循环及血液流变学特点

目的:观察鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化动物模型的球结膜微循环及血液流变学特点。方法:用鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)阳性血清反复攻击建立鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化动物模型,并检测球结膜微循环、血液流变学指标,肝纤维化指标、肝脏病理组织学变化。结果:用DHBV反复攻击造模后,其病理组织学改变具有肝脏细胞炎症,肝纤维组织增生,血清肝纤维化指标升高(P<0.01),球结膜微循环明显障碍(P<0.01),血液流变学改变(P<0.01)。结论:乙型肝炎肝纤维化麻鸭具有明显的微循环障碍及血液流变学改变。     

邪毒致鸭肝血瘀阻证动物模型的初步研究

目的：研制一种较为实用的邪毒致肝血瘀阻证的动物模型。方法：将80只1日龄龄武汉麻鸭,随机分成正常对照组,病理造模组、秋水仙碱防治组,解毒软肝汤小剂量及大剂量防治组,后4组用DHBV阳性血清攻击雏鸭造模,每周1次,剂量0．1ml／只,,从第10W起剂量加大为0．2ml/只,且后3组第11d分别用秋水仙碱、解毒软肝汤小剂量及大剂量灌胃,至第112d结束,实验结束时分别检测球结膜微循环,血液流变学,肝功能指标,丙二醛（MDA）,肝纤维化指标。做肝组织光镜,电镜观察。结果：动物造模组具有明显的球结膜微循环障碍（P＜0．01）,血流流变学改变（P＜0．01）,丙蛋白（Alb)降低（P＜0．05）和G、MDA升高（P＜0．01）,以及血清PCⅢ、HA、LN和肝组织Hyp含量升高（P＜0．01）;组织病理可见肝细胞水肿、脂肪变,间质炎细胞浸润,纤维增生和病毒颗粒,解毒软肝汤除能降低肝纤维化指标,（P＜0．01）和减轻组织病理学改变外,并能降低（MDA）及血液流变学指标,改善肝功能及球结膜微循环（P＜0．01）,并存在剂量依赖关系,结论：邪毒（DHBV）连续攻击能够形成鸭肝血瘀阻证模型,其改变与脂质过氧化损害、血液流变学和微循环障碍、肝细胞变性坏死,胶原纤维增生明显相关。     

e抗原阴性慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病的病理特征

目的观察HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝组织病理特征。方法收集72例慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的肝组织标本及临床相关资料,肝组织标本常规行HE、Masson三色及网状纤维染色,观察其病理改变特点,并进行分级、分期。结果HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝活检病理学改变以肝细胞脂肪变性为主,肝细胞脂肪变性主要位于腺泡Ⅲ带,呈弥漫分布,重度患者则可扩大至腺泡Ⅱ带甚至全腺泡,轻度患者汇管区炎及界面性炎均不明显,主要为小叶内点灶状坏死,大部分患者仅为血窦壁及中央静脉管壁及周围纤维组织增生,且多为纤细的网状纤维,汇管区纤维组织增生不明显,重度及肝硬化患者则汇管区纤维组织增生显著,彼此相连,破坏正常的肝小叶结构,形成假小叶。结论HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝组织病理改变具有一定病理学特征;其病理学特征应从炎症、纤维化程度与肝细胞脂肪变性范围、肝细胞损伤等方面综合分析,肝组织活检有助于早期明确诊断,从而指导临床合理治疗。     

胆管结扎和四氯化碳诱导Wistar大鼠肝纤维化模型的建立及相关指标的对比分析

目的比较胆管结扎(BDL)、四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导大鼠肝纤维化的生化指标、肝脏病理学及纤维连接蛋白(FN)的表达。方法 90只健康雄性Wistar大鼠,分为CCl4肝纤维化模型组(44只)及其对照组(6只)和BDL肝纤维化模型组(30只)及其对照组(10只)。CCl4肝纤维化模型组是采用50%的CCl4橄榄油溶液对大鼠进行腹腔注射的方法来制备模型,而BDL肝纤维化模型组则采用结扎大鼠胆总管的方法来制备。观察大鼠一般情况,生化方法测血清ALT、AST、TBil、DBil;ELISA法测血清透明质酸(HA)和层黏连蛋白(LN)水平。HE和Masson染色观察肝组织的病理学变化,免疫组织化学染色观察肝组织FN表达。计量资料组间比较采用t检验。结果血清生化学结果显示,BDL组大鼠自胆管结扎术后第7天开始,TBil及DBil即上升到较高水平且随后一直保持此水平,CCl4肝纤维化模型组大鼠2周始逐渐升高,至8周达高峰;BDL大鼠纤维化指标HA、LN水平显著高于同期CCl4模型组;CCl4模型组大鼠可见肝细胞弥漫性脂肪变性,汇管区-汇管区或汇管区-中央静脉间纤维间隔形成极为显著,BDL大鼠则表现为肝内胆管显著增生,炎性细胞浸润及纤维间隔形成同时存在;BDL组中FN的表达呈分散无规则型,且纤维组织细小,而CCl4组的FN多集中表达于小叶之间的间隔处,纤维组织粗大。结论 BDL和CCl4均可诱导大鼠肝纤维化,BDL较早引起肝功能及肝纤维化指标升高,可见明显胆管增生,CCl4则以脂肪变性为主;FN在两种模型中表达分布不同。     

解毒软肝片防治鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化的实验研究

目的观察解毒软肝片对鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化的防治作用,探讨其抗肝炎肝纤维化的作用机制方法用鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)阳性血清反复攻击雏鸭复制鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化动物模型,以秋水仙碱为西药对照,观察解毒软肝片大剂量、小剂量防治组对鸭球结膜微循环,血液流变学指标,肝功能ALb,G,过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA),肝纤维化指标PCⅢ,HA,LN,Hyp含量的影响,观察肝组织光镜及电镜下病理变化.计量资料用t检验,计数资料用Ridit分析.结果DHBV造模组具有明显的球结膜微循环障碍(P<0.01),血液流变学改变(P<0.01),清蛋白(ALb)降低,球蛋白(G)和MDA升高(P<0.01),肝纤维化指标血清PCⅢ,HA,LN和肝组织Hyp含量升高(P<0.01),组织病理可见肝细胞水肿,脂肪变、间质炎性细胞浸润、纤维增生和病毒颗粒.解毒软肝片防治组能降低肝纤维化指标(P<0.01)和减轻组织病理学改变外,小剂量组有降低MDA(P<0.05),改善球结膜微循环作用(P<0.01);大剂量组有升高ALb(P<0.05),降低血清G(P<0.01),MDA(P<0.01)、血液粘度以及改善微循环(P<0.01)等作用.并存在剂量依赖关系.结论解毒软肝片对鸭乙型肝炎肝纤维化有良好的防治作用.     

壮药汗衣台对鸭乙型肝炎的治疗作用

目的:探讨壮药汗衣台对鸭乙型肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis B virus,DHBV)感染诱导的鸭乙型肝炎模型中肝功能、病毒复制、免疫调控及肝组织炎症方面的作用.方法:本研究采用DHBV阳性血清腹腔注射感染广西1日龄麻鸭诱导鸭乙型肝炎模型.于用药前(T0),用药7 d(T7),14 d(T14)及停药3d(P3)于颈静脉抽血,分别检测鸭血清中的谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、白介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、DHBV DNA及肝组织病理.结果:模型组感染病毒1-2 wk,鸭血清ALT、AST与IL-2水平明显升高(P=0.028,0.036;P=0.005,0.04;P=0.045),病毒载量表达平稳,鸭肝组织病理检测显示重度脂肪样变性;拉米组治疗1-2 wk,鸭血清ALT、IL-2水平明显下降(P=0.001,0.042;P=0.023),但对AST水平无明显影响,病毒载量被显著抑制,停药3 d无反跳(P=0.034;P=0.007;P=0.013),肝组织病理提示中度以上脂肪变性;汗高组治疗1-2 wk,鸭血清ALT、AST和IL-2水平均明显降低(P=0.047,0.035;P=0.007,0.003;P=0.026,0.049),对病毒的抑制疗效与拉米组相似(P=0.025;P=0.012;P=0.011),肝组织病理显示中度脂肪变性;汗常组治疗1-2 wk,鸭血清ALT、AST及IL-2水平均明显降低(P=0.015;P=0.038;P=0.024,0.004),但在T14时,ALT、AST水平均出现回升,病毒载量呈缓慢下降趋势,肝组织病理提示中度以上脂肪变性.结论:汗衣台剂量依赖性的降低转氨酶、抑制DHBV DNA复制、减少IL-2分泌,从而保护肝细胞、减轻肝脂肪变性、降低免疫过强所导致的急性肝损伤.     

慢性乙型肝炎肝组织中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其mRNA的表达

目的研究肝组织中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)及bFGFmRNA的表达与慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝血管增生、改建及肝血管纤维化的关系。方法对120例CHB肝标本进行bFGF免疫组织化学(免疫组化)染色及bFGFmRNA原位杂交。结果随着CHB肝细胞变性坏死及肝血管病变的加重,bFGF在肝血管及肝窦壁表达强阳性逐渐上升(P<0.01),部分固缩性肝细胞也示强阳性显色。原位杂交显示,bFGFmRNA主要分布于血管纤维化区域肝窦壁及部分肝细胞。结论bFGF通过激活血管及肝窦内皮细胞,引发其增生和凋亡,最终导致肝血管纤维化、肝窦毛细血管化及假小叶纤维间隔形成。     

肝豆状核变性患者肝功能及肝脏病理分析

目的 探讨肝豆状核变性患者肝功能及肝脏病理学改变.方法 回顾性分析9例肝豆状核变性患者临床资料及肝脏病变特点.结果 3例肝功能正常.6例肝功能轻度异常.肝组织病理改变差异极大,可见不同程度纤维化、细胞坏死、炎性细胞浸润、轻至重度脂肪变性.结论 肝豆状核变性患者肝脏病理学改变程度较临床表现更为严重;早期的肝细胞脂肪变性可与不同程度炎性细胞浸润、肝纤维化同时存在.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.