蝉花生物活性物质研究进展

目的探讨蝉花的生物活性成分、药理作用及临床应用。方法通过查阅国内外相关文献资料,对蝉花的研究进展进行归纳分析。结果蝉花含有多球壳菌素、核苷、固醇、环肽、多糖、虫草酸等多种活性物质,除具有免疫抑制作用外,对肾病、动脉粥样硬化、贫血等疾病也具有一定的治疗作用。结论蝉花的活性成分较多,药理作用较广泛,值得深入研究和开发。     

蝉花的研究概况

本文对蝉花的活性成分及人工培养作一综述,并对其发展进行了展望。     

杭州产中药材蝉花原植物大蝉草的研究

本文报道了对杭州地区采集的大蝉草(Cordyceps cicadae Shing)的形态、寄主及生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:大蝉草与已报道的小蝉草(C. sobolifera (Hill) Berk. et Br.)是无关的两个种。杭州地区分布较多的是大蝉草,其无性型是蝉花。     

杭州产中药材蝉花原植物大蝉草的研究

本文报道了对杭州地区采集的大蝉草(Cordyceps cicadae Shing)的形态、寄主及生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:大蝉草与已报道的小蝉草(C. sobolifera (Hill) Berk. et Br.)是无关的两个种。杭州地区分布较多的是大蝉草,其无性型是蝉花。     

蝉花肾损伤保护作用的药理及临床研究进展

蝉花是寄生在蝉上的一种虫草真菌,也是我国传统名贵中药材。现代研究表明蝉花具有免疫调节、改善肾功能、抗疲劳、抗肿瘤、降血糖等广泛的药理作用,临床上用于治疗慢性肾脏病取得良好的疗效。综述天然蝉花或人工培养蝉花延缓糖尿病肾病、抗肾间质纤维化、抗肾小球硬化、保护残肾等对肾损伤保护作用的药理研究进展,以及对慢性肾功能衰竭和慢性间质性肾炎的临床研究进展,以期为开发具有肾损伤保护作用的新药与大健康产品提供依据。     

蝉花对造血功能的影响及其急性毒性实验研究

目的观察蝉花对造血功能的影响和急性中毒情况。方法采用尾尖端放血和腹腔注射盐酸苯肼的方法，形成小鼠失血性贫血和盐酸苯肼贫血的模型，分组给药后采血测定小鼠的Hb、RBC，观察蝉花对造血作用影响。急性毒性试验为测定小鼠最大给药量方法。结果蝉花给药组与给水模型对照组比较有非常显著的差异。且高剂量组的作用与阿胶组相似。蝉花最大耐药量为80g/kg， 相当于人用临床量444倍。结论证明蝉花具有明显抗失血性贫血和抗盐酸苯肼贫血作用。安全无毒。     

蝉花菌丝体对慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠的治疗作用

采用肾脏5/6切除和肾脏电灼建立慢性肾衰大鼠模型,考察蝉花菌丝体的治疗作用.结果表明,蝉花菌丝体的3个剂量组(0.6、1.2和2.4 g/kg)均能明显抑制肾脏5/6切除所致慢性肾衰大鼠血清中尿素氮和肌酐水平的升高,也能抑制由肾脏电灼引起慢性肾衰大鼠肌酐的升高.这提示蝉花菌丝体能有效延缓大鼠慢性肾衰的进程.     

蝉花对治疗糖尿病肾病的研究进展

蝉花是一种传统的虫生性药用真菌,其有多种药理功效。本文对其降糖、改善肾功能、治疗糖尿病肾病方面做相关综述,为指导糖尿病肾病的药物筛选提供一个指导性方向。     

豆粕有效成分的研究进展

目的了解豆粕的化学成分、药理活性及其应用价值等方面的研究进展,为豆粕有效成分的进一步研究提供参考。方法对有关文献中豆粕的化学成分、药理活性及其应用价值进行综述。结果豆粕有效成分具有广泛的药理活性,能降血脂、降血压、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、增强免疫力、预防血栓和糖尿病等多种作用。结论豆粕中含有多种有效成分,能有效地预防心脑血管疾病、抗肿瘤及增强免疫力,是一类有希望的心脑血管系统药物,且是良好的保健品,对其深入了解和研究至关重要。     

蝉花孢梗束的毒性研究

目的对人工培植的蝉花孢梗束进行毒理学研究,评价其口服安全性。方法利用急性毒性试验、体外中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验和孕鼠致畸试验进行毒理学评价。结果急性毒性试验结果表明蝉花孢梗束对雌、雄大鼠急性经口最大耐受量(MTD)均>10 g/kg,属于无毒级;中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验以及3项遗传毒性试验的结果皆为阴性,未显示致突变性;蝉花孢梗束各剂量组在大鼠孕期体质量、死胎率、吸收胎率与阴性对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),各剂量组胎鼠质量、胎鼠身长、前囟宽度与阴性对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);各剂量组在胎鼠外观、内脏发育、骨骼发育检查上与阴性对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论在本研究条件下,未见蝉花孢梗束有急性毒性、遗传毒性,对孕鼠无致畸作用,具有良好的安全性。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯通过下调Toll样受体4对高盐诱导大鼠高血压的降压作用

目的研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对高盐引起的高血压模型大鼠的降压作用及作用机制。方法大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和EGCG 50、100 mg/kg组,测定大鼠的大鼠平均动脉压,并采用Western blotting印迹法检测大鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)中Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子κB(NF-κB)p65、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的水平;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测大鼠PVN中单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和IL-6水平。结果高盐诱导的高血压模型大鼠中TLR4表达量明显增加(P<0.05)。EGCG 50、100 mg/kg显著降低大鼠的平均动脉压(P<0.05),并明显降低PVN中TLR4、NF-κBp65、IL-1β和TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平(P<0.05)。结论 EGCG可降低高盐诱导大鼠的高血压,其机制可能与阻断TLR4信号有关。     

萝藦科植物中甾类成分的抗肿瘤作用

甾体类化合物广泛存在于萝藦科植物中,具有显著的生理活性,包括抗肿瘤活性。近年来关于该类化合物体内外抗肿瘤作用的研究报道越来越多。综述以香加皮和白首乌为主的萝藦科植物药中甾体类成分的抗肿瘤活性及机制的研究进展,为进一步阐明该类化合物的药理机制及相关药物的研发提供参考。     

通关藤抗肿瘤主要成分及作用机制研究进展

恶性肿瘤长久以来威胁着人类的健康,传统中药通关藤的茎和根以及其他部位已被广泛用于治疗恶性肿瘤、哮喘病、风湿病和气管炎等。近年越来越多的研究聚焦于通关藤的抗肿瘤作用,由通关藤的提取物制成的消癌平制剂在临床上广泛用于治疗肝癌、肺癌、食道癌和胃癌等。至今为止,已从通关藤的各个部位提取鉴定出包括C21甾体皂苷、甾醇/环醇类、有机酸类、多糖类、三萜类、脂肪酸类、酯类等在内的几百种化学成分。C21甾体皂苷类为通关藤的首要特征和抗肿瘤活性成分。现代药理学研究证明通关藤在体内外均有抗肿瘤活性,主要体现在抗肝癌、肺癌、血液系统肿瘤、食管癌、胃癌、乳腺癌等。通关藤的单方制剂消癌平的常用剂型有片剂、糖浆、注射液、口服液、胶囊等,主要用于治疗肝癌、食道癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌和白血病等。通关藤及其制剂抗肿瘤作用的主要机制包括直接抗肿瘤作用,具体体现为抑制癌细胞增殖、调节肿瘤细胞血管生成、介导细胞凋亡、促进分化等,还包括对其他抗癌药物的增效减毒作用。主要综述通关藤抗肿瘤作用的主要成分和作用机制的近年研究进展及现状,旨在为通关藤的应用开发以及抗肿瘤药物的研发提供参考。     

Induction of abscopal anti-tumor immunity and immunogenic tumor cell death by ionizing irradiation - implications for cancer therapies

Although cancer progression is primarily driven by the expansion of tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumor immunity also play important roles. Herein, we consider how tumors can become established by escaping immune surveillance and also how cancer cells can be rendered visible to the immune system by standard therapies such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, either alone or in combination with additional immune stimulators. Although local radiotherapy results in DNA damage (targeted effects), it is also capable of inducing immunogenic forms of tumor cell death which are associated with a release of immune activating danger signals (non-targeted effects), such as necrosis. Necrotic tumor cells may result from continued exposure to death stimuli and/or an impaired phosphatidylserine (PS) dependent clearance of the dying tumor cells. In such circumstances, mature dendritic cells take up tumor antigen and mediate the induction of adaptive and innate anti-tumor immunity. Locally-triggered, systemic immune activation can also lead to a spontaneous regression of tumors or metastases that are outside the radiation field - an effect which is termed abscopal. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that combining radiotherapy with immune stimulation can induce anti-tumor immunity. Given that it takes time for immunity to develop following exposure to immunogenic tumor cells, we propose practical combination therapies that should be considered as a basis for future research and clinical practice. It is essential that radiation oncologists become more aware of the importance of the immune system to the success of cancer therapy.     

生物多糖非免疫活性的抗癌作用机制

多糖是生物体内的重要组成成分,具有多方面的生物活性,如抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗衰老、增强免疫、清除自由基等作用.以往对多糖作用机制的研究多集中于免疫学方面的功效,而近年来对于其非免疫学活性的研究越来越受到关注,如在抗肿瘤的作用中多糖可以表现出对癌细胞的直接杀伤作用,并对多环节、多靶点起作用,多糖的这些高效低毒的生物活性,使用其成为许多研究领域的焦点,本文就其非免疫抗癌活性作用机制做一概括.     

Fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex viruses as a potent and personalized cancer vaccine

The recent FDA approval of Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of prostate cancer represents an important milestone of cancer immunotherapy, which, for the first time, validates the concept of bringing true clinical benefit to cancer patients by stimulating patients' own anti-tumor immunity. Among the different experimental cancer immunotherapies, oncolytic virotherapy may represent a low-cost yet potent and personalized cancer vaccine for the treatment of solid tumors. This review describes the constructions of several human herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived oncolytic viruses as candidate cancer vaccines, which induce specific and potent anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical models, and thus resulting in stronger overall anti-tumor efficacy as compared to oncolytic effect alone. This article also describes the approaches to enhance the antitumor immunity of oncolytic HSVs, and in particular, the key role played by integrating membrane-fusion activity into these viruses. Additionally, this article reviews the potential effect of certain chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide) in boosting antitumor immunity induced by oncolytic HSV, and the mechanisms behind it. In summary, all the preclinical and clinical data have suggested that HSV-based oncolytic virotherapies could likely be developed as a new generation of cancer vaccines for the treatment of solid tumors.     

茅莓提取物及有效部位的药理作用研究进展

茅莓Rubus parvifolius为蔷薇科悬钩子属落叶小灌木,其提取物及有效部位具有抗肿瘤、保护神经、保护肝损伤等药理作用。抗肿瘤是其研究热点,在体内外实验中,茅莓提取物对人恶性黑色素瘤、白血病、肝癌均表现出明显的抗肿瘤作用,可显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭和迁移,以及诱导细胞凋亡,其抗肿瘤的主要有效部位为茅莓总皂苷。茅莓提取物对脑缺血-再灌注损伤也有神经保护作用,作用机制为增加Bcl-2表达和降低Bax表达,主要有效部位为茅莓总皂苷。茅莓提取物的抗氧化能力与清除羟自由基、超氧负离子、有机自由基及抑制丙二醛等有关,主要有效部位为茅莓总黄酮。茅莓提取物对肝脏损伤也有保护作用,与清除自由基活性相关,主要有效部位为酚类化合物。茅莓提取物及有效部位的其他药理作用还有抗炎、抗骨吸收、抗菌、抗疲劳等。综述了茅莓提取物及有效部位的药理作用及研究现状,以期为茅莓的进一步研究及新药开发提供参考。     

Abscopal effect in radioimmunotherapy

Abscopal effect is an interesting phenomenon in radiobiology that causes activation of immune system against cancer cells. Traditionally, this phenomenon was known as a suppressor of non-irradiated tumors or metastasis. However, it can be used as a stimulator of the immune system against primary tumor during radiotherapy. Immunotherapy, a novel tumor therapy modality, also triggers immune system against cancer. To date, some immunotherapy types have been developed. However, immune checkpoint blockade is a more common modality and some drugs have been approved by the FDA. Studies have shown that radiotherapy or immunotherapy administered alone have low efficiency for tumor control. However, their combination has a more potent anti-tumor immunity. For this aim, it is important to induce abscopal effect in primary tumors, and also use appropriate drugs to target the mechanisms involved in the exhaustion of cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Among the different radiotherapy techniques, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with some few fractionations is the best choice for inducing abscopal effect. On the other hand, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is known as one of the best targets for triggering anti-tumor immunity. This combination is known as the best choice among various strategies for radioimmunotherapy. However, there is the need for other strategies to improve the duration of immune system’s activity within tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we explain the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind abscopal effect by radiotherapy and evaluate the molecular targets which induce potent anti-tumor immunity.     

桔梗的化学成分和抗肿瘤活性研究进展

桔梗作为一种药食两用的植物,具有显著的镇咳祛痰、抗肿瘤、抗氧化及降血糖等作用。迄今为止,从桔梗中共分离得到55种皂苷类化合物,三萜皂苷是其主要的活性成分。本文对近年来桔梗的化学成分研究进展进行了总结,并从诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、增强机体免疫功能、抑制端粒酶活性、抑制肿瘤细胞浸润与转移以及阻滞细胞周期等方面,对国内外桔梗抗肿瘤活性的研究进展进行了阐述。