联合应用标志物在心脏手术后急性肾损伤的早期诊断

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C（CyC）、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）、白细胞介素18（IL-18）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）在成人心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）早期预测和诊断中的价值及其联合应用的价值。 方法 前瞻性收集心脏手术患者手术前后不同时相的血尿标本,选取其中AKI患者14例,分别测定血清CyC、Scr及尿NGAL、IL-18、RBP、NAG、Cr（Ucr）水平;并选择临床资料相匹配的非AKI患者15例作为对照。观察两组患者围手术期上述5种生物学标志与Scr的动态变化。用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线及曲线下面积（AUC）评价标志物的单独或联合应用时诊断AKI的精确性。AKI定义为Scr水平较基础值增加≥50%。 结果 29例患者平均年龄（62.9±13.7）岁,基础Scr （73.2±11.9） μmol/L。除AKI组患者术中升主动脉阻断时间较非AKI组较长外[（60.63±13.92） min比（43.00±9.20） min,P=0.047],两组其余临床指标差异均无统计学意义。AKI组患者的血尿生物学标志分别在术后早期的不同时间点显著升高。术后10 h血CyC取1.31 mg/L作为诊断截点时,其在AKI诊断中的敏感性（ST）和特异性（SP）分别为0.71和0.92,AUC=0.83（0.67~1.00）;术后0 h 尿NGAL取49.15 μg/g Ucr时,ST=0.84,SP=0.80,AUC=0.85（0.70~1.00）。术后2 h尿IL-18取285.65 ng/g Ucr时,ST=0.85,SP=0.73,AUC=0.81（0.64~0.97）。术后0 h尿RBP取2934.65 μg/g Ucr时,ST=0.75,SP=0.67,AUC=0.77（0.60~0.95）。术后4 h尿NAG取37.05 U/mg Ucr时,ST=0.86,SP=0.67,AUC=0.72（0.53~0.92）。利用Logistic回归方程,联合以上5种标志物的最佳诊断时间点,得到AUC为0.98（0.93~1.02）（P<0.01）。 结论 心脏手术后AKI患者血尿生物学标志在术后不同时间点显著升高,诊断AKI的时间早于Scr,具有较高的准确性,可作为成人心脏手术后AKI的早期诊断标志物。尿NGAL的ROC曲线下面积最大,尿RBP也显示了较好的诊断价值。联合应用生物学标志可更好地预测临床上AKI的发生。     

心脏术后尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白和白细胞介素18与急性肾损伤的关系

目的 探讨接受体外循环心脏手术患者尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）和尿白细胞介素18（IL-18）与急性肾损伤（AKI）的关系。 方法 根据AKI的诊断标准，将33例体外循环心脏手术的患者分为AKI组及非AKI组，分别留取术前及术后不同时间点的血液和尿液标本，测定Scr、尿NGAL和IL-18水平。 结果 33例中有9例发生AKI，发生率为27.27%。AKI组Scr升高峰值出现在12～48 h内。与术前相比， AKI组术后2 h、4 h尿NGAL及IL-18水平升高，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。与非AKI组比较，AKI组术后各时间点的尿NGAL水平、术后2 h及4 h的尿IL-18水平都较高，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。经尿肌酐（Ucr）校正后，相应时间点的NGAL/Ucr和IL-18/Ucr差异仍有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。术后2 h尿NGAL和尿NGAL/Ucr的界定（cutoff） 值分别在250 µg/L和250 µg/mmol时；术后2 h尿IL-18和尿IL-18/Ucr的界定值分别在1800 ng/L和1800 ng/mmol时，体现出较好的敏感性和特异性。 AKI组术后12 h Scr水平与术后2 h尿NGAL水平呈正相关（r = 0.638，P < 0.05）。结论 体外循环下接受心脏手术的患者AKI发生率较高；术后2 h尿NGAL和NGAL/Ucr、术后2 h尿IL-18和尿IL-18/Ucr当达到一定界定值时，均可作为体外循环下心脏手术后AKI发生的早期诊断参考指标，其中术后2 h尿NGAL/Ucr为250 µg/mmol时更敏感。     

尿肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白及其与尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白联合应用在成人心脏手术后急性肾损伤诊断中的作用

目的 探讨尿肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白( L-FABP)及其与尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)联合应用在预测成人心脏手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生及严重程度中的价值,以期能为临床AKI的早期诊断提供方便可靠的方法.方法 前瞻性收集心脏手术患者术前、术后即刻及术后2h的血和尿标本,分别检测Scr、尿L-FABP和NGAL水平,比较AKI和非AKI患者术后各标志物的动态变化情况.运用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(AUC)评估标志物单独及联合应用时诊断AKI的准确性.结果 总共109例患者中26例(23.9％)发生了AKI,其中AKIN Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期分别占46.2％ 、34.6％和19.2％.尿L-FABP 和NGAL水平在AKI组术后即刻及术后2h均显著高于非AKI组,其浓度变化明显早于Scr.两时间点各标志物单独预测AKI的发生及Ⅱ和Ⅲ期AKI的AUC均在0.81～0.87.用Logistic 回归方程联合术后同一时间点的尿NGAL和尿L-FABP,则术后即刻和术后2h预测术后AKI 及严重程度的精确性进一步提高( AUC=0.911～0.927).结论 尿L-FABP和尿NGAL在心脏术后AKI早期即显著升高,比Scr能更早地预测AKI的发生和严重程度,两者联合应用则可使诊断的精确性进一步提高.     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白和肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白对肝移植术后急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的 探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（NGAL）和肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白（L-FABP）在肝移植术后急性肾损伤（AKI）中的早期诊断价值。 方法 前瞻性收集2007至2008年间25例肝移植患者术前、门静脉开放后2、4、6、12、24、48、72和120 h的血液和尿液标本,检测Scr和尿NGAL及L-FABP水平。根据急性肾损伤网（AKIN）标准中的Scr标准将患者分为AKI组和非AKI组。观察两组各时间点尿NGAL、尿L-FABP和Scr水平的动态变化;运用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价尿NGAL和L-FABP诊断AKI的精确性。 结果 25例患者中11例发生了术后AKI,两组患者术前、术中及术后情况差异无统计学意义。术后24 h AKI组与非AKI组的Scr差异有统计学意义[(90.48±50.32) 比（59.84±14.72） μmol/L,P < 0.05]。AKI组与非AKI组术后2～120 h尿L-FABP均显著升高,4 h时差异有统计学意义[2361.41（1036.89~4048.93） ng/mgCr比5246.97（2406.33~7688.21） ng/mgCr,P < 0.05]。AKI组术后2、4、6 h尿NGAL均显著高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义 [69.02（29.79~237.29）比22.94（8.69~46.23） ng/mgCr,29.34（16.06~536.91）比 12.66（8.91~22.78） ng/mgCr和34.23（11.47~81.26）比11.84（6.57~20.10） ng/mgCr,均P < 0.05]。ROC曲线下面积（AUC）结果显示,与尿L-FABP相比（当4 h截断点为3451.75 ng/mgCr时,AUC为0.760）,尿NGAL对早期诊断AKI具有更高的敏感性和特异性（2、4、6 h的截断点分别为43.02、26.97和17.19 ng/mgCr时,AUC分别为0.766、0.773和0.773）。 结论 尿NGAL在肝移植术后早期AKI的诊断上表现出较高的敏感性和特异性,也许能作为肝移植术后AKI早期诊断的生物学标志物,但仍需要大样本的临床研究加以证实。     

尿热休克蛋白-70在体外循环术后急性肾损伤早期诊断中的价值

目的评估尿热休克蛋白(HSP)-70在心脏体外循环心肺转流术(CPB)后急性肾损伤(AKI)早期诊断中的价值。方法选取2018年5月至2018年7月在河南省人民医院接受CPB治疗的患者为研究对象。收集入选者术前及术后0、2、4、6、8、12、24、48 h尿液标本和临床资料。按照肾脏病改善全球预后组织(KDIGO)AKI诊断标准分为AKI组和非AKI组。酶联免疫吸附法测定尿HSP-70、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子2(TIMP-2)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白7(IGFBP7)水平;免疫比浊法测定尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)水平。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),计算尿HSP-70、[TIMP-2]×[IGFBP7]、NGAL诊断CPB术后发生AKI的临界值、敏感度及特异度。结果共纳入45例患者,其中AKI组24例,非AKI组21例。AKI组术后各时间点尿HSP-70、[TIMP-2]×[IGFBP7]和NGAL水平显著高于非AKI组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。AKI组尿HSP-70在CPB术后2 h达到峰值,明显早于尿[TIMP-2]×[IGFBP7]、尿NGAL达峰值时间(分别为术后12 h和术后4 h)。术后2 h尿HSP-70≥2.1μg/L预测CPB术后AKI的曲线下面积(AUC)=1.00,灵敏度为100.0%,特异度100.0%;术后12 h尿[TIMP-2]×[IGFBP7]>19.1μg2/L2预测CPB术后AKI的AUC=0.94,灵敏度87.5%,特异度100.0%;术后4 h尿NGAL>27.4μg/L预测CPB术后AKI的AUC=0.95,灵敏度95.8%,特异度85.7%。术后2 h尿HSP-70≥2.1μg/L预测CPB术后AKI的阳性预测值为100.0%,阴性预测值100.0%。结论CPB术后AKI患者尿HSP-70水平升高早于尿[TIMP-2]×[IGFBP7]、NGAL,尿HSP-70水平监测有助于AKI的早期发现。     

急性肾损伤是影响心脏手术后患者长期生存的危险因素

目的 了解心脏术后急性肾损害（AKI）患者的长期预后情况及探讨有关危险因素。 方法 选择2004年1月1日至2007年6月30日本院所有行心脏手术,且存活出院的患者,门诊或电话随访患者的生存情况至2010年2月28日。回顾性收集患者术前、术中、术后的临床及实验室资料,观察患者术后长期生存率及肾功能情况。应用Cox回归方程分析与患者长期生存相关的危险因素。 结果 共941例心脏手术患者,术后发生过AKI患者275例（29.2%）,非AKI患者666例（70.8%）。在总共46.5个月（34.5,59.2）的随访过程中,术后发生过AKI的患者生存率显著低于非AKI患者（67.8%比85.6%,P < 0.01）,且随着AKI严重程度的增加,生存率逐渐下降（AKIN 1、2和3期患者的生存率分别为70.7%、62.3%和58.6%, P < 0.01）。AKI组中90.5%的患者出院时肾功能完全恢复至基线水平,但随访期间生存率仍显著低于非AKI组患者（69.6%比85.6%,P < 0.01）。Cox回归分析显示年龄增加（年龄每增加20 岁,HR=2.238）、术前贫血（HR=1.625）、手术时间延长（每增加1 h,HR=1.153）、AKI的发生及分期增加（每增加1期,HR=1.473）是患者长期预后不良的独立危险因素。随访结束时,AKI组患者的Scr显著高于非AKI组（107.6 μmol/L比83.0 μmol/L,P = 0.014）;AKI组中34.0%患者进入了CKD 3~5期。出院后5年34.8%的AKI患者发生Scr翻倍。 结论 心脏手术后AKI是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素,即使AKI后Scr值恢复到基线水平,长期的患者预后和肾脏预后仍然较差。     

尿NGAL对急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术后急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的探讨尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质转运蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)对急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的早期诊断价值。方法以2018年1～12月在南京市第一医院诊断为急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者50例为研究对象,根据是否发生AKI分为两组:AKI组共27例患者,非AKI组共23例患者。收集术前以及术后2 h尿液标本,进行尿NGAL浓度监测,AKI的诊断采用全球改善肾脏疾病预后(KDIGO)分级诊断标准,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估尿NGAL的诊断价值。结果急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后AKI的发生率达到54.0%(27/50),两组患者术前血肌酐浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后2 h血肌酐浓度的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组尿NGAL浓度在术前监测点差异即显示出统计学意义(P0.05)。术前尿NGAL的浓度诊断AKI的ROC曲线下面积为0.626,当cut-off值为43 ng/mL,敏感性40.7%,特异性95.7%,而术后2 h尿NGAL浓度的ROC曲线下面积为0.655,cut-off值为46.95 ng/mL时,敏感性是63.0%,特异性为78.3%。结论术前以及术后2 h尿NGAL水平可以预测术后AKI的发生,但其早期诊断价值有限。     

尿NGAL和L-FABP在儿童泌尿系统疾病致急性肾损伤诊断中的意义

目的:探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)和尿肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)对儿童泌尿系统疾病致急性肾损伤诊断中的意义。方法:选取本院小儿肾内科收治的泌尿系统疾病患儿108例,按照KDIGO的标准诊断AKI将患者儿分为AKI组(50例)与非AKI组(58例),参照AKI分期标准,将AKI组分为1期组、2期组和3期组。同期进行健康体检儿童46例作为对照组。用酶联免疫吸附法测定尿L-FABP、NGAL水平,并与Scr、APACHEⅡ积分进行相关分析。利用受试者工作特征ROC曲线分析二者对AKI的诊断效能。结果:AKI组患儿BUN、Scr、NGAL、L-FABP水平均高于非AKI组和对照组,且随着疾病分期增加而升高,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);AKI组尿NGAL、L-FABP与Scr、APACHEⅡ积分呈正相关(P0.05);NGAL、L-FABP诊断AKI的AUC分别为0.846、0.893,二者联合诊断的AUC为0.951。结论:尿NGAL和L-FABP均可作为儿童泌尿系统疾病致AKI有价值的早期诊断生物标志物,观察患儿两项指标的整体的动态变化可反映AKI的病情及预后。     

尿肾损伤分子-1对肺移植术后早期并发急性肾损伤患者的早期诊断

目的 探讨尿肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)在肺移植术后急性肾损伤(AKI)中的早期诊断价值.方法 前瞻性收集本院52例肺移植手术患者在手术前后不同时相的血、尿标本,分别测定血肌酐(Scr)和尿KIM-1.根据AKI的诊断标准,将患者分为AKI组和非AKI组,观察两组Scr和尿KIM-1的动态变化.用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价尿KIM-1对AKI的诊断作用.结果 52例患者中,术后发生AKI的有19例,发生率为36.5％.AKI组Scr在术后的第24h上升至基础值的1.80倍,达到AKI的诊断标准.AKI组术后4h尿KIM-1较基线值明显上升[(1.7±0.6) ng/mL比(0.5±0.3)ng/mL,P＜0.05].术后4h,尿KIM-1的ROC曲线下面积为0.837,95％的可信区间为0.729～0.946,以1.6ng/mL作为AKI的诊断界限时,敏感性和特异性分别为73.7％和75.8％.结论 尿KIM-1可较Scr更早诊断肺移植术后AKI的发生.尿KIM-1可能为肺移植术后并发AKI患者的早期诊断的标记物.     

NGAL和Cys C对重型颅脑损伤并发急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的探讨血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（neutrophil gelatinase-associated li-pocalin,NGAL）和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（Cys C）对重型颅脑损伤后并发急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的预测价值。方法选取85例重型颅脑损伤患者（GCS≤8）,收集患者入院后即刻（〈15 min）、2、4、6、8、10、12、18、24、36、48及72 h时的血标本,根据是否发生AKI分为AKI组（39例）及非AKI组（46例）。同时以25名健康体检者作为正常对照组。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清NGAL浓度;用肌氨酸氧化酶法测定SCr水平;用免疫投射比浊法测定血清Cys C水平。以各项目入院即刻检查值作为基线值。结果85例重型颅脑损伤患者中有39例发生 AKI,发生率为45.9%。AKI组SCr水平自入院36 h开始明显升高,各时间点的检测值均高于基线值和正常对照组（P〈0.01）。AKI组入院36、48及72h SCr水平明显高于无AKI组（P〈0.01）。非 AKI组各时间点的SCr水平与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。AKI组血清 NGAL 水平在入院2 h时已明显高于基线值（P〈0.01）,以后各时间点呈逐渐升高趋势,均高于基线值和正常对照组（P〈0.01）。非AKI组血清NGAL水平自入院10 h时开始逐渐升高,与基线值和正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。AKI组各时间点NGAL水平均明显高于非AKI组（P〈0.01）。AKI组血清Cys C水平在入院8 h时已明显高于基线值（P〈0.01）,以后各时间点呈逐渐升高趋势,均高于基线值和正常对照组（P〈0.01）。非AKI组血清Cys C水平自入院12h时开始明显升高,与基线值和正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论重型颅脑损伤后2 h 血清 NGAL即可明显升高,血清Cys C 于8h开始升高,其诊断AKI的时间早于SCr。血清NGAL和Cys C可作为重型颅脑损伤后诊断 AKI的早期标志物。     

Klotho protein as a biomarker for the detection and prognosis of acute kidney injury among adult patients in the intensive care units

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of serum Klotho protein levels in the early diagnosis and prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) among adult patients in the intensive care units (ICU). Methods The study was prospective and observational. Blood samples and clinical data of AKI patients admitted to the ICU of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between July 1 and August 31, 2016 were collected. ELISA was used for the detection of Klotho and NGAL. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to compare the predictive performance among Klotho, NGAL and serum creatinine, evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of Klotho on the diagnosis of AKI. The correlation between Klotho and prognosis of AKI was investigated by comparing serum Klotho levels and early AKI predictors. Results The patients were divided into AKI group of 52 cases and non-AKI group of 98 cases. The baseline serum Klotho level in AKI group was significantly lower than that in non-AKI group (P＜0.001). The AUC of Klotho predicting for AKI was 0.945(95% CI: 0.892-0.997) and the best cut off value was 1.76 μg/L(sensitivity 92%, specificity 94%). The predictive ability of Klotho was significantly higher than serum creatinine (Scr), and the sensitivity is higher than NGAL (sensitivity 87%, specificity 96%). Serum Klotho combined with Scr predicted better AKI (AUC=0.958, 95% CI: 0.915-1.000, sensitivity 96%, sensitivity 92%). The level of Klotho in patients with AKI was significantly different between the renal function recovery group and non-recovery group (P=0.047), while there was no significant difference between the two groups in the level of NGAL and Scr (P＞0.05). There was no significant correlation between the Klotho level at diagnosis of AKI and peak Scr, peak eGFR, Scr at discharge and eGFR at discharge (r=0.026, P=0.853; r=-0.127, P=0.368; r=0.243, P=0.082; r=-0.187, P=0.184). Conclusion Serum Klotho may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI, but the association between serum klotho and the prognosis of AKI requires further study.     

Prediction of acute kidney injury complicated by sepsis with sTREM - 1 and NGAL as early marker

Objective To determine whether triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM - 1) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase - associated lipocalin (NGAL) were early biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to sepsis. Methods A total of 141 eligible patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Blood and urine samples were collected at different time points as soon as sepsis was diagnosed. The concentrations of serum creatinine (Scr), urine sTREM-1 and NGAL were measured. According to AKI criteria, patients were divided into the AKI group and non - AKI group. Dynamic changes of levels of Scr, urine sTREM-1 and NGAL were observed in two groups. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the early diagnostic value of urine sTREM-1 and NGAL. Results Among 141 septic patients, 44 (31.2%) cases had concomitant AKI. Twenty four hours after sepsis diagnosed, the level of Scr rose to 1.91 times of the baseline [(140.5±13.6) vs (82.6±15.3) μmol/L, P＜0.05], which met the diagnostic criteria of AKI. In the AKI group, urinary concentrations of sTREM-1 and NGAL at 8 h after the diagnosis of sepsis began to rise significantly from baseline [(100.5±17.4) vs (38.9±14.7) ng/L; (144.6±51.9) vs (56.2±43.8) μg/L, both P＜0.05].And at the following time points, urinary concentrations of sTREM - 1 and NGAL were significantly higher than the baseline levels and that of the non-AKI group (all P＜0.05). At 8 h time point, the area under the curve of urine sTREM-1 was 0.877 (95%CI 0.756-0.914), the sensitivity was 89.1% and specificity was 82.0% with a cutoff value of 70 ng/L. At 8 h time point, the area under the curve of urine NGAL was 0.862 (95% CI 0.703-0.958),the sensitivity was 87.4% and specificity was 85.5% with a cutoff value of 90 μg/L. Conclusions Urinary concentrations of sTREM-1 and NGAL at 8 h time point after the diagnosis of sepsis have predictive value for AKI and their diagnostic time is much earlier than that of Scr. Therefore, urinary sTREM-1 and NGAL can be used as early biomarkers of septic AKI.     

Correlation analysis between homocysteine level and acute kidney injury after cardiac valve replacement surgery

Objective To investigate the relationship between preoperative serum homocysteine (Hcy) level and acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Methods The data of the inpatients who accepted cardiac valve replacement surgery, age ≥18 years, no renal replacement therapy before surgery, non-renal decompensation and preoperative serum creatinine (Scr)＜178 μmol/L, survival within 48 h after surgery, and with preoperative serum Hcy data in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. AKI was diagnosed in patients whose Scr increased more than 26.5 μmol/L (0.3 mg/dl) within 48 hours or 1.5 times higher than baseline within 7 days after surgery. According to this, patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group, and the affecting factors for AKI were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of AKI. The relationship between serum Hcy level and AKI incidence was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Whether the AKI occurred and serum Hcy levels were used as variables to map the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and was used to assess the value of preoperative serum Hcy level for predicting AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Results A total of 810 subjects were included in the study, including 375 males and 435 females. They were (50±11) years old (19-78 years old). Among them, 329 patients with AKI occurred within 7 days after heart valve replacement, and the incidence rate was 40.6% (male 45.9%, female 36.1%). The serum Hcy level in the AKI group was higher than that in the non-AKI group [(15.74±4.55) μmol/L vs (13.87±3.85) μmol/L, t=6.106, P＜0.01]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed age (OR=1.030, 95%CI 1.014-1.045, P＜0.001), extracorporeal circulation time (OR=1.011, 95%CI 1.007-1.016, P＜0.001), Scr (OR=1.014, 95%CI 1.005-1.023, P=0.002), serum Hcy (OR=1.059, 95% CI 1.017-1.103, P=0.006), high level of Hcy (＞13.64 μmol/L) (OR=1.465, 95%CI 1.059-2.027, P=0.021) and moderate to severe hyperhomocystinemia (16≤Hcy≤100 μmol/L) [with normal HHcy (Hcy＜10 μmol/L) as reference, OR=2.180, 95%CI 1.245-3.816, P=0.006] were independent influencing factors of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the incidence of postoperative AKI increased with the increase of preoperative serum Hcy level (rs=0.927, P＜0.001). The results of ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of the preoperative serum Hcy level predicting AKI after heart valve replacement was 0.701, and the cutoff value was 13.64 μmol/L, with the sensitivity 61.3%, specificity 70.9%. Conclusions Preoperative serum Hcy level is an influencing factor for AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. The higher the level of preoperative serum Hcy, the higher the incidence of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Patients with preoperative serum Hcy levels＞13.64 μmol/L have an increased risk of AKI after cardiac valve replacement surgery.     

Value of levels of biomarkers at the time of nephrologists consultation in predicting the prognosis of acute kidney injury patients

Objective To investigate the value of biomarker levels at the time of nephrologists consultation in predicting the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients. Methods A total of 103 hospitalized patients with AKI were enrolled at the time of nephrologists consultation. Blood and urine samples were collected when patients were diagnosed as AKI. ELISA was used to detect the concentration of urinary biomarkers including neutrophil gelatinase?associated lipocalin (NGAL), IL?6 and IL?18. Colorimetric method was used to measure urinary N?acetyl?β?D?glucosaminidase (NAG). Turbidimetry and enzymic method were applied to examine the concentration of serum cystatin C (Cys C), baseline Scr (bScr), Scr at consultation (cScr) and the peak of Scr (pScr) respectively. Patients were followed?up to evaluate the prognosis at 28 days after consultation, including patient survival and kidney survival. The levels of biomarkers between different groups, including patient survival or death, kidney recovery or lose and renal replacement therapy (RRT) or not, were compared. Area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of these biomarkers were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity in predicting prognosis. AKI was defined as the Scr at the time of consultation increased more than 50% of baseline Scr within 48 hours. Results (1)Mean age of 103 hospitalized AKI patients was (54.28±19.05) years old and ratio of male to female was 1.86 to 1. (2)Patient mortality was 25.2% at 28 days after consultation. The bScr, cScr and pScr were similar between survival and death group, while the concentration of urinary NGAL in death group was significantly higher than that of survival group [147.00(31.59, 221.87) mg/L vs 22.43(6.48, 89.77) mg/L, P＝0.001]. The serum Cys C, urinary IL?6 and NAG were similar between survival and death group (P＞0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed urinary NGAL was an independent risk factor of patient survival (OR＝1.011, 95%CI 1.004?1.018, P＝0.001) with AUC of 0.723. (3)Kidney lose rate was 20.4% at 28 days after consultation. The bScr, cScr and pScr were similar between patients with kidney survival and lose. The levels of urinary NAG, IL?6, NGAL and IL?18 were significantly higher in patients with kidney lose than those of kidney survival. Logistic regression analysis showed urinary IL?6 was an independent risk factor of renal survival (OR＝1.056, 95%CI 1.009?1.105, P＝0.018) with AUC of 0.705. (4)The median time from consultation to RRT was 2.17 (0?3) days. The concentrations of cScr, pScr, serum Cys C, urinary IL?6 and NGAL were significantly higher in RRT patients than thosein non?RRT patients (P＜0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed urinary NGAL was an independent risk factor of RRT (OR＝1.012, 95%CI 1.005?1.019, P＜0.01) with AUC of 0.775. Conclusions Urinary NGAL can predict the prognosis of AKI patients, including patient prognosis and RRT. Urinary IL?6 may predict kidney prognosis in hospitalized patients with AKI. More study with large samples should be done for further estimation of the results.     

Urinary cystatin C as an early biomarker of acute kidney injury following adult cardiothoracic surgery

There is a need to develop early biomarkers of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery, where morbidity and mortality are increased by its presence. Plasma cystatin C (CyC) and plasma and urine Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) have been shown to detect kidney injury earlier than changes in plasma creatinine in critically ill patients. In order to determine the utility of urinary CyC levels as a measure of kidney injury, we prospectively collected plasma and urine from 72 adults undergoing elective cardiac surgery for analysis. Acute kidney injury was defined as a 25% or greater increase in plasma creatinine or renal replacement therapy within the first 72 hours following surgery. Plasma CyC and NGAL were not useful predictors of acute kidney injury within the first 6 hours following surgery. In contrast, both urinary CyC and NGAL were elevated in the 34 patients who later developed acute kidney injury, compared to those with no injury. The urinary NGAL at the time of ICU arrival and the urinary CyC level 6 hours after ICU admission were most useful for predicting acute kidney injury. A composite time point consisting of the maximum urinary CyC achieved in the first 6 hours following surgery outperformed all individual time points. Our study suggests that urinary CyC and NGAL are superior to conventional and novel plasma markers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury following adult cardiac surgery.     

Pilot double-blind, randomized controlled trial of short-term atorvastatin for prevention of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery

Aim: To test whether short‐term perioperative administration of oral atorvastatin could reduce incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in cardiac surgical patients. Methods: We conducted a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial in 100 cardiac surgical patients at increased risk of postoperative AKI. Patients were randomized to atorvastatin (40 mg once daily for 4 days starting preoperatively) or identical placebo capsule. Primary outcome was to detect a smaller absolute rise in postoperative creatinine with statin therapy. Secondary outcomes included AKI defined by the creatinine criteria of RIFLE consensus classification (RIFLE R, I or F), change in urinary neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentration, requirement for renal replacement therapy, length of stay in intensive care, length of stay in hospital and hospital mortality. Results: Study groups were well matched. For each patient maximal increase in creatinine during the 5 days after surgery was assessed; median maximal increase was 28 µmol/L in the atorvastatin group and 29.5 µmol/L in the placebo group (P = 0.62). RIFLE R or greater occurred in 26% of patients with atorvastatin and 32% with placebo (P = 0.65). Postoperatively urine NGAL changes were similar (median NGAL : creatinine ratio at intensive care unit admission: atorvastatin group 1503 ng/mg, placebo group 1101 ng/mg; P = 0.22). Treatment was well tolerated and adverse events were similar between groups. Conclusion: Short‐term perioperative atorvastatin use was not associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative AKI or smaller increases in urinary NGAL. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00910221).