16434名大学新生中HBsAg检测情况分析

目的 了解新生中HBV感染情况,加强跟踪观察,对未感染者实施预防接种.方法 抽空腹静脉血采用酶联免疫吸附法检测.结果 11年中检测新生16 434名,检出HBsAg阳性者1 061人,检出率6.46 %;男生HBsAg阳性检出率为7.50 %,女生为4.27 %,男女生比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=61.42,p＜0.01);1994-1999年新生抗-HBs阳性检出率为25.01 %.结论 我校新生HBsAg阳性检出率低于全国平均水平,男生高于女生,对大学新生进行乙肝两对半检测非常必要,对未感染HBV学生应当接种乙肝疫苗.     

某高校新生HBsAg和ALT检测结果分析

目的了解大学新生HBsAg携带和ALT的异常及变化情况,为大学生乙肝的防治工作提供科学依据。方法对某高校2007—2009年大学新生HBsAg和ALT的检测结果进行统计分析。结果三届新生中乙肝标志物五项全阴模式占44.44%,HBsAb阳性模式占49.81%。HBsAg总的阳性率为4.90%,男生HBsAg阳性率为6.8%,女生HBsAg阳性率为4.0%,男生HBsAg阳性率高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.32,P<0.01)。ALT异常率平均为1.19%,其中男生异常检出率为1.87%,女生为0.86%,各届男生ALT异常率明显高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=17.12,P<0.01)。三届新生HBsAg阳性伴ALT异常检出率占总人数的0.78%;在HBsAg阳性新生中ALT异常率为15.94%。结论高校医疗保健中心要经常对高校学生的进行健康教育,加强对乙肝病毒携带者的防治和保健、控制传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群,显得尤其重要。     

广东某大学学生乙肝疫苗免疫效果观察

目的了解1997-2002年大学生在校期间HBV感染状况及接种乙肝疫苗预防效果,探讨有效的预防措施。方法对某高校6届大学生进行新生入学和毕业生体检,抽取静脉血,采用ELISA法检测乙肝“两对半”,对乙型肝炎表面抗体无应答者进行免疫。结果6届入学新生HBsAg携带率为12.82%,毕业时HBsAg携带率为14.72%,男生显著高于女生。入学时HBsAb阳性检出率为19.00%,乙肝疫苗接种后（毕业时）HBsAb阳性率为52.43%,女生高于男生。1997-1999年与2000-2002年HBsAb阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义。结论大学生在校期间可能感染HBV,对大学生接种乙肝疫苗可降低大学生人群HBV感染率。     

2002～2004年临汾市某中学新生乙型肝炎病毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解临汾市某中学新生乙型肝炎病毒感染状况,以便为该校制定乙型肝炎防治措施提供科学依据.[方法]2002～2004年对该校初、高中新生进行HBsAg检测,并对阳性者检测其他HBV感染指标.[结果]合计检测4 801人,HBsAg阳性的184例,阳性率为3.83%.HBsAg阳性率,2002年为3.94%,2003年为3.8%,2004年为3.77%(P＞0.05);男生为4.92%,女生为2.61%(P ＜0.01);初中新生为3.81%,高中新生为3.86%(P＞0.05).HBsAg阳性者中,HBsAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc阳性的占39.67%,HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBc阳性的占33.15%.[结论]该中学新生HBV感染率为3.83%.     

某高校新生HBsAg和ALT检测结果分析

目的:了解大学新生血清乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)携带和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)的异常及变化情况,为校园疾病防控提供科学依据。方法:对本市某高校2009年新生HBsAg和ALT的检测结果进行统计分析。结果:5310名新生中HBsAg总的阳性率为4.33%,ALT异常率为1.47%,HBsAg阳性伴ALT异常检出率为0.24%;男生HBsAg阳性率为5.00%,女生HBsAg阳性率为3.77%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.817,P0.05);男生ALT异常率为2.42%,女生ALT异常率为0.453%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=37.989,P0.05)。结论:对新生入学体检时,常规血液筛查过程中先检测ALT,取消乙肝项目检测;对ALT异常者,再进一步明确诊断。     

广西大学2007—2011年新生HBsAg感染状况

<正>2006年全国乙型肝炎流行病学调查表明,我国1~59岁人群乙型肝炎病毒携带率为7.18%[1]。为了解高校学生乙型肝炎感染现状,笔者对广西大学2007—2011年所有入学新生进行HBV血清学标志物HBsAg和HBsAb检测,现将结果报道如下。1对象与方法1.1对象HBsAg检测对象为2007—2011年广西大学入学新生共42 931人,其中男生24 581名,女生18350名。HBsAb检测对象为2007—2011年广西大学入学新生(已剔除HBsAg阳性)共39 486人,其中男生22 326名,女生17 160名。     

某大学新生乙肝病毒感染情况

目的了解大学新生乙肝病毒(HBV)感染状况,为防治工作提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验对广西某大学2007—2009年新生10461人进行血清乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)检测。结果 3年间HBsAg阳性率为12.78%;男生HBsAg阳性率为13.39%,女生HBsAg阳性率为11.43%;农村新生HBsAg阳性率14.39%,城镇新生HBsAg阳性率10.03%。结论该大学新生HBsAg阳性率高于我国HBsAg的流行率。为预防和控制HBV在高校内传播,应加强新生的HBV检测,并采取接种乙肝疫苗、加强健康教育等措施。     

某高校5届新生HBsAg和ALT检测结果分析

目的了解近5届大学新生乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)携带和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)的异常及变化情况,为学生乙肝的防治工作提供科学依据。方法对我校2003-2007年本科新生HBsAg和ALT的检测结果进行统计分析。结果5届29376名新生中HBsAg总的阳性率为6.78%,ALT异常率为5.45%,HBsAg阳性伴ALT异常检出率为0.80%;男生HBsAg阳性率为7.34%,女生HBsAg阳性率为4.85%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=50.05,P<0.01);男生ALT异常率为6.48%,女生ALT异常率为1.88%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=210.31,P<0.01)。5届新生的HBsAg阳性率不完全相同,2003年最高,为7.24%,2007年最低,为5.97%,并呈逐年下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.79,P<0.05);5届新生的ALT异常率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=177.70,P<0.01)。结论我校新生的HBsAg阳性及ALT异常情况不容乐观,男生的HBsAg阳性率和ALT异常率均明显高于女生,应给予更多关注。     

1998～2004年柳州市大中专新生乙型肝炎病毒感染状况分析

目的了解大、中专入学新生乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染情况,以指导学校乙型肝炎的防治工作。方法1998～2004年大、中专48490名入学新生为检测对象,对部分HBsAg阳性的同学采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法对采集血清进行HBV标志物检测,相关数据经统计学处理。结果柳州市大、中专新生HBsAg平均阳性率为12.82%,高于全国平均水平;男生与女生阳性率比较,差异有显著性(χ2=87.22,P<0.01)。HBsAg阳性学生以HBsAg、HbeAg、HBcAb阳性(大三阳)和HBsAg、HBeAb、HbcAb阳性(小三阳)2种感染模式为主。结论加强新生入学时乙型肝炎的防治工作,对未感染HBV的同学入学后进行乙肝疫苗接种;强化HBsAg携带学生的卫生管理及开展健康教育是学校乙型肝炎防治工作的重要内容。     

某高校新生HBV感染调查

目的了解我校HBV感染情况,为防治工作提供依据。方法对2003~2005年间入学的大学生6417名采用酶动力法检测ALT,用金标法对HBsAg筛选,对肝功能异常或HBsAg阳性者采用酶标免疫法(ELISA)检测乙肝“二对半”。结果肝功能异常900人(阳性率14.03%),HBsAg阳性481人(阳性率7.50%),其中男性阳性率8.36%,女生阳性率4.88%,检测“二对半”发现学生中以“HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAb”和“HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb”两种感染模式为主,前一感染模式男生占53.85%(217/403),女生占30.77%(24/78)。结论HBV感染和学习负担过重是我校新生肝功能异常的主要原因,男生感染高于女生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.