胡椒碱对兔心房电重构的影响

目的探讨回心草活性成分胡椒碱对心房快速起搏诱发的兔心房急性电重构的预防作用。方法选择新西兰白兔18只,随机分成对照组、心房快速起搏组和胡椒碱+心房快速起搏组(胡椒碱组),每组6只。对照组和心房快速起搏组术前生理盐水3ml/(kg.d)灌胃3d,胡椒碱组术前给予胡椒碱20mg/(kg.d)药物灌胃3d。对照组术中不行心房快速起搏,心房快速起搏组和胡椒碱组术中以最快能维持心房11起搏频率(500～600/min)行快速心房刺激3h,分别于起搏前和起搏后0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0h时,测定基础刺激周长分别为200ms和150ms的右心房有效不应期(atrial effective refractory period,AERP),分析AERP频率适应性的变化情况。结果对照组和胡椒碱组AERP200和AERP150随时间无明显变化。心房快速起搏组AERP200和AERP150与心房快速起搏持续时间呈负相关(r=-0.674,P<0.01;r=-0.543,P<0.01),分别在2.0h和2.5h达到最低值(P<0.05)。心房快速起搏组AERP频率适应性与心房快速起搏时间呈负相关(r=-0.307,P<0.05),对照组和胡椒碱组AERP频率适应性均无明显变化。仅在心房快速起搏组可诱发出阵发性心房颤动(房颤),房颤诱发率为50%,平均房颤持续时间为9.3min。结论胡椒碱能够预防心房快速起搏引起的心房电重构。     

维拉帕米对快速心房起搏家兔心房有效不应期和单相动作电位的影响

目的研究维拉帕米对快速心房起搏家兔心房有效不应期(AERP)和单相动作电位(MAP)的影响,探讨其抗心律失常的机制。方法 24只家兔分为对照组、快速起搏组和维拉帕米组,每组各8只。经颈内静脉将电极置入右心房。分别测定各组基础状态,以600次/min行快速心房起搏和快速起搏同时给予药物维拉帕米后测定2、4、6、8 h的心房有效不应期(AERP_(200)和AERP_(150))和MAP_(90)。结果快速心房起搏组在不同基础刺激周长作用下的AERP缩短,AERP_(200-150)的频率适应性不良,P_8与起搏前P_0比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时MAP_(90)相应缩短。维拉帕米组AERP基本无改变,AERP_(200-150)频率适应性维持,MAP_(90)无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论维拉帕米可能因减轻钙超载而抑制快速心房起搏所致电重构,即同时延长AERP和MAP,发挥其抗心律失常作用。     

夹竹桃麻素对糖尿病兔心房重构的影响

目的探讨还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶抑制剂夹竹桃麻素对糖尿病兔心房重构的影响。方法选择健康成年雄性日本长耳白兔30只,随机选取10只作为对照组,另20只建立1型糖尿病兔模型,随机分为糖尿病组和夹竹桃麻素组,每组10只。检测各组超声心动图、血流动力学、心房电生理及病理指标,心房结构和电重构改变及心房颤动(房颤)诱发率情况。结果与糖尿病组比较,夹竹桃麻素组左心房内径、室间隔厚度明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。糖尿病组300、250和200 ms基础起搏周长时心房有效不应期离散度明显高于对照组(P0.01);夹竹桃麻素组上述指标明显低于糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。糖尿病组房颤总诱发率明显高于对照组和夹竹桃麻素组(4.7%vs 1.0%,P0.01;4.7%vs 1.3%,P0.05)。Masson染色显示,糖尿病组左心房胶原容积分数明显高于对照组和夹竹桃麻素组[(6.92±1.40)%vs(2.46±0.39)%、(2.75±1.01)%,P0.01]。结论夹竹桃麻素可改善糖尿病兔心房结构重构和电重构,降低房颤诱发率。     

贝那普利对快速心房起搏家兔心房电重构的影响

目的 观察贝那普利对8h心房快速起搏家兔心房电重构(AER)的影响。方法取12只家兔,随机分为二组,对照组(生理盐水15ml/d),贝那普利组[5mg/(kg·d)溶于15ml生理盐水中],灌胃2周。①分别于起搏前、中、后测刺激频率为200ms、150ms时心房有效不应期(AERP200、AERP150)。②取未起搏家兔及每组起搏8h后家兔右心耳组织观察超微结构。结果①8h心房快速起搏使对照组家兔AERP缩短,AERP频率自适应性出现了下降—消失—逆转,心房肌超微结构可见线粒体肿胀、嵴溶解,糖原聚集;停止起搏后30min AERP及AERP频率自适应性基本恢复。②贝那普利组家兔心房快速起搏8h过程中各观测点AERP较起搏前无明显变化,家兔心房肌细胞超微结构基本正常。结论①心房快速起搏8h可致AER和心房肌细胞发生超微结构改变。②贝那普利可以阻止心房快速起搏8h所致AER及心房肌超微结构改变。     

奥美拉唑对家兔心房电重构的影响

目的探讨质子泵抑制剂奥美拉唑对心房快速起搏所致家兔心房电重构的影响。方法24只家兔随机分为4组:生理盐水组、奥美拉唑组、生理盐水+起搏组和奥美拉唑+起搏组。其中生理盐水+起搏组和奥美拉唑+起搏组,分别在静脉注射生理盐水和奥美拉唑后,以最快的心房1∶1起搏频率（500～600次/min）行快速心房起搏3h,分别于起搏前、起搏后0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5和3h测定基础刺激周长分别为200ms和150ms时右心房有效不应期（AERP）,并分析AERP的频率适应性。结果单纯注射生理盐水或奥美拉唑,AERP和其频率适应性无显著改变。心房快速起搏使生理盐水+起搏组的AERP200及AERP150较起搏前显著缩短（P<0.05）,频率适应性的指标（AERP200-AERP150）/50ms显著缩短（P<0.01）。而奥美拉唑+起搏组的AERP和频率适应性未发生显著变化。结论奥美拉唑对心房不应期无直接影响,但可有效防止心房快速起搏引起的心房电重构。     

丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对家兔快速心房起搏时心房动作电位及有效不应期的影响

研究丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠(TSN)对家兔短期快速心房起搏时在体心房单相动作电位(AMAP)及心房有效不应期(AERP)的影响,探讨其防治心房颤动的可能机制。家兔24只,随机分为对照组与TSN组各12只。将电极经颈内静脉置入右房记录AMAP,观察基础状态下、给药后0.5h及以600次/分心房快速起搏后0.5,8hAMAP及其频率适应性的变化。结果:与起搏前相比对照组在S1S1200ms刺激时测量的AERP(AERP200)在起搏后0.5h缩短21.2ms,起搏后8h缩短21.6ms(P<0.05),且心房肌的频率适应性丧失。TSN在基础状态下对AMAPA、AMAPD无明显影响,但使AERP200由105.9±3.8ms延长至114.7±7.2ms(P<0.05)。起搏后TSN组维持原有的心房肌频率适应性。结论:快速心房起搏使心房肌的频率适应性丧失而致电重构,TSN能减轻短期快速心房起搏所致电重构。     

卡维地洛对实验犬慢性心房电重构的影响

目的研究卡维地洛对长期快速起搏实验犬心房有效不应期(AERP)和心房电重构的影响。方法27只犬随机分为3组,起搏组:采用快速起博心房的方法建立房颤模型(起搏频率400次/min),起搏器置入前及起搏6周后分别行电生理检查,以2个基本周长(S1=300、200ms)分别标测AERP;起搏加药物组:起搏器置入及电生理检查同起搏组,起搏器置入前3d至起搏6周,每日给予卡维地洛12.5mg,2次/d口服;对照组:实验犬未置入起搏器,仅于相应的时间行电生理检查。结果起搏组起搏6周后较起搏前AERP明显缩短(P<0.001);起搏加药物组起搏6周后与起搏前比较,AERP无明显变化(P>0.05);对照组6周前、后所测AERP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论实验犬长期快速起搏可致AERP缩短,卡维地洛可明显抑制长期快速起搏实验犬AERP的缩短和AERP频率适应性丧失,抑制心房电重构。     

伊贝沙坦对快速心房起搏家兔心房电重构的影响

目的观察伊贝沙坦对心房快速起搏8h家兔心房电重构及心房肌细胞超微结构改变的影响。方法将12只家兔随机分为伊贝沙坦组和对照组。经颈内静脉将电极置入右心房,以600次/min行快速心房起搏,分别测定起搏前及起搏后0.5h、1h、4h、8h及停止起搏后10min、20min、30min,S1S1为200ms、150ms时的心房有效不应期(AERP200、AERP150);取未起搏家兔及每组起搏8h后家兔右心耳组织观察超微结构。结果①心房快速起搏8h,对照组家兔AERP缩短,起搏0.5h内AERP缩短幅度最明显;AERP频率自适应性出现了下降—逆转;停止起搏后30minAERP及AERP频率自适应性基本恢复至起搏前水平(最初10min恢复迅速)。②伊贝沙坦组家兔8h心房快速起搏过程中各时间点AERP较起搏前无明显变化。③8h心房快速起搏后对照组家兔心房肌细胞超微结构可见线粒体肿胀、脊溶解、糖原聚集,伊贝沙坦组家兔心房肌细胞超微结构基本正常。结论伊贝沙坦可阻止8h心房快速起搏所致的心房电重构和心房肌细胞超微结构改变。     

胺碘酮或氯沙坦及两者合用对急性心房颤动患者心房重构的干预

目的:采用人工心脏起搏的方法制备家兔急性心房颤动模型,分别探讨胺碘酮与氯沙坦对心房颤动导致心房重构的不同干预效果.方法:40只家兔随机分为0.9%氯化钠溶液组(对照组)、胺碘酮组、氯沙坦组、合用组,分别灌胃给药1周,以600次/min的频率起搏心房8 h,并分别于起搏前、起搏后0.5、1、2、4、6、8 h及停止起搏后10、20、30 min重复测定心房有效不应期(AERP).结果:①经过8 h快速起搏后对照组AERP200(100.63±7.5)ms和AERP150(95.01±6.2)ms均较起搏前明显缩短(均P＜0.01),AERP200较AERP150缩短更为明显(P＜0.05),胺碘酮组、氯沙坦组及合用组快速起搏前后AERP无显著变化.②停止快速起搏后,对照组AERP逐渐恢复,AERP200和AERP150在10 min内基本恢复至起搏前的95.78%和96.76%,30 min内基本恢复至起搏前的99.07%和99.39%.结论:短期快速心房起搏可致心房电重构;胺碘酮和氯沙坦可以逆转心房电重构.     

依那普利对心房急性电重构影响的临床研究

目的　探讨依那普利对快速心房起搏诱发心房急性电重构的干预作用。方法　 2 7例阵发性室上性心动过速行射频消融术患者随机分为对照组 ( 16例 )和依那普利组 ( 11例 )。阻断自主神经后 ,以最快 1:1心房起搏 [( 349± 37) /min]诱发急性心房颤动 (房颤 ) ,观察各组患者心房快速刺激前后心房有效不应期 (AERP)、AERP频率自适应性、不应期离散度 (AERPd)的变化及房颤诱发情况。结果　①心房快速起搏后 ,对照组AERP明显缩短 ,依那普利组AERP无显著变化。两组患者心房快速起搏前后AERPd差异无显著性 ;②心房快速起搏前后 ,对照组右心耳 (RAA)处AERP与相应程控刺激基础周长拟合直线的斜率分别为 0 0 6 2和 0 0 18;依那普利组分别为 0 0 5 9和 0 0 5 3;③心房快速起搏后 ,对照组房颤诱发例数、次数显著增加 ,平均房颤持续时间明显延长 ;依那普利组心房快速起搏前后房颤诱发情况无显著差异。结论　依那普利能够防止心房快速激动引起的心房急性电重构 ,降低房颤诱发率     

夹竹桃麻素对兔心房电重构时氧化应激损伤保护作用的研究

目的研究还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶抑制剂夹竹桃麻素(APO)对兔心房电重构引起氧化应激损伤的保护作用。方法选择18只新西兰白兔,随机分为对照组、心房快速起搏(RAP)组和APO+RAP组,每组6只。术前3 d,APO+RAP组给予APO 30 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,对照组和RAP组术前生理盐水等体积灌胃。对照组术中未给予RAP,RAP组和APO+RAP组术中以最快能维持心房1:1起搏频率(500～600/min)给予快速刺激3 h。在完成电生理检查后,立即取出心脏并分离左、右心房和肺静脉,分别检测各组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和钙含量。结果与对照组比较,RAP组左、右心房、肺静脉SOD活性明显降低(P<0.05),LDH活性和钙含量明显升高(P<0.05),APO+RAP组左、右心房、肺静脉SOD活性、LDH活性和钙含量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与RAP组比较,APO+RAP组左、右心房、肺静脉SOD活性明显升高,左、右心房LDH活性明显降低(P<0.05)。对照组肺静脉钙含量明显高于左、右心房(P<0.05)。结论心房颤动能够引起氧化应激损伤,APO能部分预防氧化应激损伤发生。     

Regional differences in the recovery course of tachycardia-induced changes of atrial electrophysiological properties

BACKGROUND: Regional differences in recovery of tachycardia-induced changes of atrial electrophysiological properties have not been well studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the control group (5 dogs), atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and inducibility of atrial fibrillation (AF) were assessed before and every 4 hours for 48 hours after complete atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation with 8-week VVI pacing. In experimental group 1 (15 dogs), AERP and inducibility of AF were assessed before and after complete AVJ ablation with 8-week rapid right atrial (RA) pacing (780 bpm) and VVI pacing. In experimental group 2 (7 dogs), AERP and inducibility of AF were assessed before and after 8-week rapid left atrial (LA) pacing and VVI pacing. AERP and inducibility and duration of AF were obtained from 7 epicardial sites. In the control group, atrial electrophysiological properties obtained immediately and during 48-hour measurements after pacing did not show any change. In the 2 experimental groups, recovery of atrial electrophysiological properties included a progressive recovery of AERP shortening, recovery of AERP maladaptation, and decrease of duration and episodes of reinduced AF. However, recovery of shortening and maladaptation of AERP and inducibility of AF was slower at the LA than at the RA and Bachmann's bundle. CONCLUSIONS: The LA had a slower recovery of tachycardia-induced changes of atrial electrophysiological properties, and this might play a critical role in initiation of AF.     

兔的心房扑动模型

目的对比犬和兔对心房颤动(Af)和心房扑动(AF)的易患性特点,探讨更理想的房性心律失常建模方法。方法20只新西兰白兔,起搏组(n=11)10Hz快速心房起搏(RAP)2h,对照组(n=9)不起搏,剪下心脏建立Lan-gendorff灌流模型,在左右心房进行电生理扫查。观察心律失常诱发情况;18只健康成年犬,于心耳10HzRAP2h后,在双心房外膜进行电生理扫查,自身前后对照并与兔的起搏组比较心律失常的诱发特点。结果(1)RAP2h后使犬和兔的Af诱发率显著增高,犬的Af比兔的持续时间更长。(2)RAP和对照组新西兰白兔均容易诱发持续AF(7/11比5/9,P=1.000),持续时间在两组间无差异[(39.8±54.4)s比(70.7±62.2)s,P=0.381];18只犬无1例诱发AF。(3)S1S2或S1S1起搏可诱发兔AF,并可被超速起搏终止。结论犬比兔更容易建立Af模型,而新西兰白兔更适于建立AF模型。     

犬急性心房颤动电重构现象的实验研究

目的 观察短阵心房颤动(房颤)的电重构现象及其恢复过程，探讨电重构与房颤再发及维持的关系。方法 15只健康成年犬于左、右心房外膜7个部位缝合双极记录电极，自心耳给予600次／min起搏诱发2h房颤，其中5只犬每间隔10min测量左、右心耳的心房有效不应期(AERP)，观察其恢复过程；另10只犬在房颤前后分别测量在起搏周长350ms、250ms、200ms时7个部位的AERP并记录电生理检查时房颤的诱发率及其持续时间。结果 2h房颤后心房各点AERP显著缩短，对心率适应不良，AERP离散度增高，继发性房颤诱发率增高、持续时间延长。AERP缩短可持续30min，60-80min后恢复。左心耳AERP恢复过程慢于右心耳。可诱发房颤的部位AERP更短，与继发性房颤的平均持续时间呈显著性负相关。可诱发房颤的心房其AERP离散度明显增高，但与继发性房颤的持续时间无关。AERP心率适应不良部位继发性房颤的诱发率高于生理性AERP心率适应性部位。低位右心房及左心耳部位的期前兴奋易于诱发房颤。结论 2h诱发的房颤足以使健康心房发生类似持续性房颤的电重构，电重构使房颤易于再发。AERP离散度与房颤的诱发有关，AERP缩短与房颤的持续性有关，房性早搏的发生部位与房颤的易患性有关。     

Effect of pilsicainide on atrial electrophysiologic properties in the canine rapid atrial stimulation model.

The heterogeneous process of atrial electrical remodeling (AER) in the canine rapid atrial stimulation model has been previously reported although it has been reported that a sodium channel blocker might suppress the shortening of the atrial effective refractory period (AERP), its effect on long-term electrical remodeling is unknown. In the present study, the effect of pilsicainide on AER was evaluated. The right atrial appendage (RAA) was paced at 400 beats/min for 2 weeks. In the RAA, Bachmann's bundle (BB), the right atrium near the inferior vena cava (IVC) and in the left atrium (LA), AERP, AERP dispersion (AERPd) and the inducibility of atrial fibrillation (AF) were evaluated at several time points of the pacing phase and the recovery phase (1 week). The same protocol was performed during the administration of pilsicainide (4.5 mg/kg per day) and the parameters were compared with the controls. In the control dogs, the AERP was significantly shortened by rapid pacing at all atrial sites studied and the AERP shortening (DeltaAERP) was larger at the RAA and LA sites (p<0.03). However, pilsicainide decreased these DeltaAERPs at all 4 atrial sites. AERPd was increased during the pacing phase whereas it was decreased during the recovery phase in the control dogs. In contrast, this pacing-induced AERPd was attenuated by the administration of pilsicainide. The AF inducibility was highest at the LA site in both groups, and the inducibility was lower in the pilsicainide group than the control group at all atrial sites. During the rapid pacing phase, the ventricular heart rate was significantly lower in the pilsicainide group than the control because of intra-atrial conduction block. In a canine rapid right atrial stimulation model, pilsicainide suppressed the shortening of the AERP at all atrial sites, possibly through the improvement of the hemodynamics as well as the action of the Na - Ca exchanger.     

犬肾去交感神经对长期快速心房起搏后心房基质和心房颤动诱发的影响

目的 探讨犬肾去交感神经对长期快速右房起搏后心房基质和心房颤动﹙AF﹚诱发的影响。方法 20 只犬分为假手术组﹙n=6﹚、右房起搏﹙RAP﹚组﹙n=7﹚和肾去交感神经﹙RSD﹚组﹙n=7﹚三组。假手术组植入起搏器后程控关闭起搏器;RSD 组先行双侧肾交感神经消融,经 6 周恢复后植入起搏器;RAP 组和 RSD 组快速起搏﹙400 ~450 次 / 分﹚右房 5 周。所有犬在试验开始时和终点进行血压测量及电生理检测;处死动物后迅速取左房组织,检测组织心房利钠肽﹙ANP﹚、血管紧张素Ⅱ﹙AngⅡ﹚和醛固酮水平,及组织半胱天冬酶-3﹙Caspase-3﹚、Bax、B 淋巴细胞瘤-2 基因﹙Bcl-2﹚、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1﹙TIMP-1﹚、基质金属蛋白酶-9﹙MMP-9﹚和转化生长因子-β1﹙TGF-β1﹚等蛋白表达。结果 RSD 组犬肾动脉消融 6 周后﹙植入起搏器前﹚收缩压较消融前显著降低﹙P=0. 001﹚;右房起搏5 周后 RSD 组和 RAP 组的收缩压和舒张压较假手术组均明显降低﹙P〈0. 05﹚,且 RSD 组收缩压较 RAP 组更低﹙P =0. 036﹚。与假手术组和 RSD 组相比,RAP 组起搏 5 周后诱发的 AF 持续时间明显延长﹙P 〈0. 05﹚。RAP 组心房有效不应期﹙AERP﹚明显缩短﹙P=0. 002﹚,而 RSD 组 AERP 的缩短无显著性﹙P =0. 087﹚。与假手术组比较,RAP 组犬左房的 ANP、AngⅡ和醛固酮水平显著升高,而在 RSD 组其升高的趋势明显减缓﹙P〈0. 05﹚。与 RAP 组相比,RSD 组犬左房的 Caspase-3、Bax、MMP-9 和 TGF-β1 蛋白表达显著降低,而 Bcl-2 和 TIMP-1 蛋白表达显著升高。结论 肾去交感神经可抑制长期快速右房起搏后 AF 的诱发和心房基质改变。     

肾去交感神经对犬心房颤动易患性和心房重构的影响

目的 探讨肾去交感神经对犬长期快速右心房起搏后心房颤动（房颤）易患性和心房重构的影响.方法 20只杂种犬分为假手术组、右心房起搏（RAP）组、肾去交感神经（RSD）组3组.假手术组（n=6）植入起搏器后程控关闭起搏器;RSD组（n=7）先行双侧肾交感神经消融,经6周恢复后植入起搏器;RAP组（n=7）和RSD组快速起搏（400～ 450次/min）右心房5周.所有犬在实验基线期和终点进行超声心动图及电生理检查,取静脉血检测血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）水平;处死动物后迅速取心房组织行形态学评估.结果 与假手术组和RSD组相比,RAP组犬起搏5周后房颤诱发率明显升高（P＜0.05）.RAP组心房有效不应期（AERP）明显缩短[（142±8）ms对（115±9）ms,P＜0.05],而RSD组AERP缩短无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.超声心动图结果发现,RAP组和RSD组的左心房内径（LAD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心房容积最大值和最小值（LAVmax和LAVmin）起搏5周后均较起搏前明显增加,但RSD组的LAVmax和LAVmin较RAP组明显减少（P＜0.05）.右心房快速起搏5周后,与假手术组相比,RAP组和RSD组犬血清AngⅡ水平明显增加[RAP组：（217.5±53.5） ng/L对（95.0±25.2） ng/L,P＜0.05;RSD组：（149.6±26.3）ng/L对（95.0±25.2） ng/L,P＜0.05];与RAP组相比,RSD组犬血清AngⅡ显著降低（[（149.6±26.3）ng/L对（217.5±53.5） ng/L,P＜0.05）.电镜结果显示肾去交感神经能显著减缓快速右心房起搏5周后导致的肌丝分解、肌纤维带型和收缩完整结构的丧失和线粒体肿胀等超微结果变化.Masson三色法染色结果表明与RAP组相比,RSD组犬左、右心房肌的胶原容积分数（CVF）均明显减低（P＜0.05）.结论 肾去交感神经可抑制长期快速右心房起搏后房颤的诱发和心房重构.     

Effects of Cilazapril on atrial electrical, structural and functional remodeling in atrial fibrillation dogs

Background and purpose

The effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on long-term atrial electrophysiologic and structural remodeling are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Cilazapril on atrial electrical, structural, and functional remodeling in atrial fibrillation (AF) dogs induced by chronic rapid atrial pacing.

Methods

Twenty dogs were randomly divided into sham-operated group (n = 6), control group (n = 7), and Cilazapril group (n = 7). One thin silicon plaque containing 4 pairs of electrodes was sutured to each atrium. A pacemaker was implanted in a subcutaneous pocket and attached to a screw-in epicardial lead in the right atrial appendage. The dogs in control group and Cilazapril group were paced at 400 beats per minute for 6 weeks. The dogs in Cilazapril group received Cilazapril (0.5 mg•kg⁻¹•d⁻¹) 1 week before rapid atrial pacing until pacing stop. Before and after 6-week rapid atrial pacing, atrial effective refractory period (AERP) at 8 sites, AERP dispersion, intraatrium conduction time, inducibility, and duration of AF were measured. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic examinations included left atrium (LA) maximal volume, LA minimal volume, LA ejection fraction, left atrial appendage (LAA) maximal volume, LAA minimal volume, LAA ejection fraction, LAA maximal forward flow velocity, and LAA minimal backward flow velocity were performed. Atrial collagen volume fraction was analyzed by Masson staining.

Results

After 6-week rapid atrial pacing, although there was no significant difference in AERP shortening and AERP rate adaptation reduction between the control group and the Cilazapril group, the inducibility and duration of AF were found to be dramatically lower in the Cilazapril group than those in the control group (AF inducibility, 65.7% vs 95.7%, P < .05; AF duration, 531.5 ± 301.2 vs 1432.2 ± 526.5 s, P < .01).The post-tachycardia intraatrium conduction times after 6 weeks with Cilazapril were significantly shorter than those in the control group. Cliazapril could partially prevent AERP dispersion increase induced by chronic rapid atrial pacing. Compared with the control group, the LA and LAA volumes were significantly smaller; LA ejection fraction, LAA ejection fraction, LAA maximal forward flow velocity, and LAA minimal backward flow velocity were dramatically higher in the Cilazapril group. The Cilazapril group had a significantly lower percentage of interstitial fibrosis than the control group.

Conclusions

Cilazapril can suppress structural and functional remodeling and prevent the induction and promotion of AF in chronic rapid atrial pacing dogs.     

不同兔龄心房纤颤诱发率比较研究

目的对比研究幼龄与老龄兔心房纤颤（简称房颤）诱发率差别,探究房颤与老龄的关系。方法将30只新西兰大耳白兔随机分为幼龄组（兔龄3个月,15只）、老龄组（兔龄〉20个月,15只）。两组均经耳缘静脉持续泵入混合药物（2g/L氯化乙酰胆碱56ml、去乙酰毛花苷2ml、异丙肾上腺素2ml）,根据心室率变化调整药物剂量,当心室率控制为基础心室率1/3时,经食管电极（冠状窦10极电极）行S1S1=1000次/min的左心房Burst刺激,观察房颤诱发情况,将〉30min的房颤视为诱发成功。比较两组左心房不应期、房颤诱发率、持续时间。结果幼龄组15只兔中10只诱发成功,诱发率66%,房颤持续时间（40±8）min;老龄组15只兔中14只诱发成功,诱发率93%,房颤持续时间（58±10）min,差异有统计学意义。老龄组房颤诱发前AERP（未应用药物时测定）（90±8）ms明显短于幼龄组（120±8）ms,差异有统计学意义。结论老龄组房颤诱发率高于幼龄组,老龄兔左心房有易于房颤发生与维持的电生理基础,提示老龄可能是房颤的易患因素。