复位内固定联合腕骨间韧带修补治疗急性经舟月骨或月骨周围脱位

目的 总结切开复位内固定联合腕骨间韧带修补治疗急性经舟骨骨折月骨周围脱位或经月骨周围脱位的疗效.方法 2004年2月至2006年8月共收治12例月骨周围损伤的患者,其中8例经舟骨骨折月骨周围脱位,4例月骨周围脱位.全部采用切开复位,3.0mm AO空心螺纹钉或通用公司Bold钉固定舟骨骨折,克氏针固定腕骨间关节,并使用Nitek锚钉修补腕骨间韧带.结果 术后平均随访时间为37个月(33～48个月),X线片显示所有舟骨骨折均愈合,舟月角平均50°(35°～65°),桡月角平均5.(-10°～15°),腕骨高度指数平均0.51(0.50～0.53).临床检查腕关节活动度平均为92.5°,握力达健侧的76.7%,腕关节无痛者8例、轻痛者2例、中度疼痛者2例.按照改良Mayo腕关节评分法平均为72分(50～95分),其中极好1例、好4例、可4例、差3例.结论 早期切开复位治疗月骨周围损伤可获得较满意的腕关节功能,结合韧带修补可防止腕骨间不稳以及继发的腕关节塌陷.     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位早期诊断和手术的重要性

目的：评价切开复位内固定同时修复损伤韧带治疗经舟骨月骨周围脱位重要性。方法：1995年6月至2001年6月,采用切开复位内固定同时修复损伤韧带治疗14例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者,其中男13例,女1例;年龄21～38岁,平均25.4岁。手术均在受伤后2周内进行,所有患者均为后脱位。结果：14例患者均获得随访,时间24～60个月,平均28.3个月。13例舟骨骨折一期愈合,腕关节功能恢复良好;1例出现骨不连,腕关节功能部分受限。未发现舟骨和月骨坏死者。采用Cooney评分法：优9例,良3例,可1例和差1例。结论：对于经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者,如能得到早期诊断,采取早期复位及切开内固定治疗,同时修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊、桡舟头韧带和桡舟月韧带,可早期提供腕舟骨稳固的固定,有利于舟骨近段和月骨血供的恢复。     

切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位

目的评价切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位的临床效果。方法采用切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位9例。结果经平均18个月随访发现9例腕关节平均屈曲70°,背伸50°,Mayo腕关节评分平均为80分:优4例,良3例,可1例,差1例。X线片检查舟骨完全愈合,腕关节轴线恢复好。结论切开复位无头空心加压螺钉固定结合腕骨间韧带修复治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位能达到舟骨解剖复位、恢复腕关节轴线,术后功能恢复较好,是治疗新鲜经舟骨月骨周围脱位的良好方法。     

背侧入路切开复位治疗经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位

目的评价切开复位螺钉固定舟骨、锚钉修复月三角韧带治疗急性期经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位的临床疗效。方法采用背侧入路切开复位螺钉固定舟骨、锚钉修复月三角韧带治疗13例经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位患者。末次随访时进行评估:疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、腕部活动度(ROM)、握力、Cooney腕关节评分、舟骨愈合情况。结果 13例均获随访,时间13～24个月。VAS评分0～6(1.8±0.9)分,其中9例患腕基本无疼痛。患腕屈伸ROM和尺桡偏ROM分别为对侧的73.9%和74.1%。患腕握力达对侧的91.1%。末次随访时Cooney评分:优1例,良9例,可2例,差1例。舟骨骨折愈合时间10例为12～18周,3例为30～39周。结论经舟骨月骨周围背侧脱位早期诊断、早期手术,采用背侧入路切开复位内固定舟骨、修复月三角骨间韧带,可取得满意的临床效果。     

舟骨骨折—月骨周围脱位的诊断与手术治疗的临床研究

目的：总结舟骨骨折月骨周围脱位的诊断和切开复位内固定舟骨骨折同时修复损伤韧带的临床研究。方法：2005年5月至2011年12月共收治患者13例,通过病史、体征结合X光及CT+三维重建明确诊断,采用切开复位腕骨内固定舟骨骨折,同时修复腕骨间韧带,克氏针暂时固定手术治疗。结果：13例患者均受随访,时间24-55个月,平均29.6个月。全部患者舟骨骨折完全愈合,未发现有舟骨近端及月骨缺血性坏死发生,手术前后对腕关节采用Cooney临床评分系统,术后13例患者Cooney评分75-95分,平均87分,优良率可达84.6%。结论：通过病史、体征结合X光及CT+三维重建可明确诊断,早期切开解剖复位内固定结合腕骨间韧带修补及克氏针暂时内固定可防止部分腕骨缺血坏死及腕骨间不稳、腕骨高度塌陷,降低了远期腕关节创伤性关节炎的发生率。     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位的早期手术治疗

目的　研究经舟骨月骨周围脱位早期复位并进行切开内固定和修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊和韧带的治疗方法。方法　从1995年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,共 7例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者接受这种治疗方法。手术均在受伤后 2周内进行 ,所有患者均为后脱位。结果　 7例都得到随访 ,平均随访时间 2 0 5个月。 6例舟骨骨折愈合 ,腕关节功能恢复良好 ;1例出现骨不连 ,腕关节功能部分受限。尚未发现月骨坏死者。采用Cooney评分法 :优 2例、良 3例、可 1例和差 1例 ,优良率 71 4 %。结论　经舟骨月骨周围脱位应早期复位及切开内固定治疗 ,同时修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊、桡舟头韧带和桡舟月韧带。可早期提供腕舟骨稳固的固定 ,有利于舟骨近段和月骨血供的恢复。     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位的治疗

目的 探讨经舟骨月骨周围脱位的治疗方法。方法 采用经皮撬拨复位月骨,舟状骨切开复位,自体桡骨茎突植骨,克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围脱位11例,随访6-18个月,平均10个月。结果 3个月内骨折愈合,腕关节不痛,活动正常,恢复伤前所有功能7例;半年内骨折愈合,活动正常,腕关节剧烈活动后疼痛2例;1例后骨折愈合,腕关节活动度差1/3以下,腕关节存在运动性疼痛1例;骨折未愈合,或舟状骨、月骨一处坏死,腕关节疼痛,功能严重丧失1例,优良率81.82%。结论 采用经皮撬拨复位月骨,舟状骨切开复位,自体桡骨茎突植骨,克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围脱位,具有损伤小、痛苦少、易操作、费用低、功能恢复满意的优点。     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位的早期手术治疗

目的 研究经舟骨月骨周围脱位早期复位并进行切开内固定和修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊和韧带的治疗方法。方法 从1995年6月～2001年6月，共7例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者接受这种治疗方法。手术均在受伤后2周内进行，所有患者均为后脱位。结果 7例都得到随访，平均随访时间20．5个月。6例舟骨骨折愈合，腕关节功能恢复良好；1例出现骨不连，腕关节功能部分受限。尚未发现月骨坏死者。采用Cooneyr评分法：优2例、良3例、可1例和差1例，优良率71．4％。结论 经舟骨月骨周围脱位应早期复位及切开内固定治疗，同时修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊、桡舟头韧带和桡舟月韧带。可早期提供腕舟骨稳固的固定，有利于舟骨近段和月骨血供的恢复。     

早期手术治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位的临床分析

目的 评价早期手术治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位的临床疗效.方法 15例经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位的患者,采用切开复位加压螺钉和克氏针内固定.术后评估腕部疼痛、腕关节活动度、手部握力及骨折愈合,并用腕关节Krimmer评分法评估疗效.结果 13例获得6～12个月随访,平均9个月.2例出现静息痛,3例活动时疼痛.腕关节屈伸活动度（65±11）°,尺桡偏角度为（10±8）°,平均握力较健侧减少10%.X片检查3例腕关节炎,2例舟骨骨折近端骨质吸收致舟骨不愈合.11例腕舟骨愈合,平均愈合时间为4.8个月.Krimmer评分法评估总体疗效：优7例,良1例,可3例,差2例.结论 早期切开复位应用克氏针和加压螺钉同时内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱住手术方式可行、疗效可靠.     

可活动外固定支架结合Anchor钉治疗腕关节脱位

目的探讨应用可活动外固定支架结合Anchor钉治疗腕关节脱位的可行性及治疗效果。方法对16例腕关节脱位患者进行腕关节可活动外固定支架固定,同时切开复位,加压空心钉固定骨折,Anchor钉修复腕骨间韧带和桡腕韧带,克氏针临时固定腕骨。结果随访3～6个月,16例患者均基本恢复腕关节功能,未出现再脱位、舟骨月骨坏死等。采用Cooney评价标准:优7例,良7例,可2例。结论可活动外固定支架结合Anchor钉治疗腕关节脱位可有效固定腕关节,韧带修复可靠,利于破损韧带愈合及促进早期逐步功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

---

Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

动静脉穿刺网络课件的开发及其应用

目的:确保护理教学效果,提高教学水平。方法:应用多项信息技术将动静脉穿刺技术制作成教学网络课件,并用于临床教学。结果:该课件在本校园网上运行半年余,2000余人次对其进行访问,受到师生好评。结论:该课件能及时反映动静脉穿刺的最新研究进展及具体操作步骤和使用方法,实现护理教学的直观性和交互性,对护理教学和临床带教指导有一定的借鉴作用。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

The physiology of nausea and vomiting is poorly understood. The initiation of vomiting varies and may be due to motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, gastric irritation or postoperative causes. Once initiated, vomiting occurs in two stages, retching and expulsion. The muscles responsible for this sequence of events are controlled by either a vomiting centre or a central pattern generator, probably in the area postrema and the nearby nucleus tractus solitarius. Drugs which induce vomiting include ipecacuanha, a gastric irritant, and apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Opioid drugs also induce vomiting, but opioid antagonists are not useful to treat nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic drugs consist of a variety of neurotransmitter antagonists and may act in the periphery, the central nervous system or both sites. The most important drugs are antagonists at muscarinic, dopamine D₂, 5-HT₃, histamine H₁ and neurokinin NK₁ receptors. These drugs are discussed with particular attention to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).