4496名新兵一般自我效能与SCL-90、应对方式、社会支持的关系

目的分析新兵一般自我效能与SCL-90、应对方式、社会支持的关系。为制定心理干预措施,改善新兵的心理健康提供依据。方法应用自我效能感量表(General Self-Efficacy Scale,GSES)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表和社会支持量表,对2005年底入伍的新兵进行测查。结果4496名男性新兵SCL-90各因子分及总分均低于2000年新兵常模、1999年男性军人常模、1986年地方常模(P<0.05);高自我效能组的SCL-90各因子分及总分的得分均低于低自我效能组(P<0.05),社会支持中主观支持、客观支持、利用度、积极应对方式分值均高于低自我效能组(P<0.05)。结论我军新兵心理健康的整体状况良好。高自我效能新兵的心理状况优于低自我效能的新兵。     

760名新兵集训期间心理应激状态的分析

目的了解新兵集训前后心理应激状态的变化情况。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对760名新兵集训前后的心理应激状态进行测评。结果集训前后新兵SCL-90各因子分均明显低于中国新兵常模(P<0.01)。集训后新兵SCL-90中除偏执因子外,其余因子分均明显低于集训前(P<0.01)。集训前,城市籍新兵SCL-90各因子中,除强迫症状外其余因子分均明显低于农村籍新兵(P<0.01);集训后,城市籍新兵SCL-90总分及躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、阳性项目数因子分与农村籍新兵比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。集训前,大专文化程度新兵除强迫症状、焦虑因子外,与高、初中文化程度新兵SCL-90各因子分比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01);集训后,初中文化程度新兵除人际关系敏感和恐怖因子外,其他因子分均明显高于大专和高中文化新兵(P<0.05,P<0.01)。集训后,新兵SAS总分(22.35±4.05)和SDS总分(28.24±7.54)均明显低于集训前(P<0.01)。结论集训有利于改善新兵心理健康状况,兵源来源及文化程度对新兵的心理应激状态有一定影响,要特别关注有敌对和偏执趋向新兵的心理状态调整。     

2010年度某部入伍新兵心理健康状况及其影响因素分析

[目的]研究新兵的心理健康状况及其影响因素,为开展心理卫生保健提供科学依据。[方法]2011年1月,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表及A型性格量表,对广州军区2010年入伍的1 964名新兵进行测试。[结果]调查1 964名新兵,SCL-90中的焦虑、精神病性因子分低于国内青少年常模(P<0.01)。新兵种,独生子女人际关系敏感、忧郁因子分低于非独生子女(P<0.05),偏执因子分高于非独生子女(P<0.01);应对方式为两极型的总分、总均分、阳性项数及躯体化、强迫、偏执因子分均高于积极型,总均分及躯体化、强迫、偏执因子分均高于中间型(P<0.05或<0.01);A型性格的躯体化、人际关系敏感、忧郁、敌对、偏执、精神病性因子分均高于非A型性格者(P<0.05或<0.01)。[结论]新兵的心理健康水平高于国内青年;两极型应对方式和A型性格是新兵心理健康的负性影响因素。     

某防化部队官兵社会支持、应对方式和心理健康状况调查

目的分析防化兵社会支持、应对方式和心理健康状况,为开展健康教育和心理疏导工作提供依据。方法运用社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对396名防化兵进行调查。结果防化兵SCL-90中的焦虑和敌对因子分明显高于军人常模(P<0.05);积极应对方式、支持总分、主观和利用度与SCL-90各因子呈负相关,相关系数为-0.119~-0.421(P<0.05,P<0.01)。低症状组积极应对方式分、社会支持总分、主观支持分和利用度分均显著高于高症状组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论防化兵的职业容易产生心理健康问题,积极应对方式和良好的社会支持有利于心理健康,降低其心理疾患的发生率。     

驻西藏高原军人心理健康状况调查

目的了解驻西藏高原军人心理健康状况并探讨心理干预方法。方法整群随机抽取1 500名驻西藏高原现役军人,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)进行心理健康测评,对SCL-90总分>160分的官兵进行综合心理干预。结果驻西藏高原军人的SCL-90与全国常模比较,除人际敏感因子分(P>0.05)外,其余项目因子分均明显增高(P<0.01);与军人常模比较,躯体化、焦虑、敌对因子分均明显增高(P<0.01);采取综合心理干预后,SCL-90各项因子分均低于干预前、TCSQ的消极应对方式明显减少,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。结论驻西藏高原军人心理健康状况值得关注,综合心理干预可提高其心理健康水平。     

火炮弹药试验人员心理健康状况及其影响因素

目的研究火炮弹药试验人员的心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持量表(SSRS)、特质应对方式量表(TCSQ)、应激水平量表对227名参试人员(研究组)和181名非参试人员(对照组)进行研究。结果研究组应激水平得分(17.31±5.27)明显高于对照组(16.25±5.41),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);研究组SCL-90量表的强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性因子分、阳性项目数及总分均高于对照组(P0.015),2组人员社会支持得分差异无统计学意义。应激水平、消极应对方式与SCL-90总分呈正相关,主观支持与SCL-90总分呈负相关。结论试验环境是参试人员的心理应激因素,非参试人员的心理健康状况明显好于参试人员。消极应对方式对参试人员心理健康状况有负性影响,而主观社会支持有助于提高参试人员心理健康水平。     

军队工科院校研究生心理健康状况及其与应对方式的关系

目的了解军队工科院校研究生心理健康状况及其与应对方式的关系,为其心理教育和管理工作提供科学依据。方法整群抽取363名军队工科院校研究生,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)对其进行测评。结果军队工科院校研究生SCL-90各因子分均显著高于军人常模(P<0.01);军校工科研究生的人际敏感、偏执因子分显著低于军校学员,军校工科研究生躯体化、焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子分明显高于军校学员(P<0.01,或P<0.05);男研究生的敌对因子分明显高于女研究生(P<0.05);从部队考入的研究生强迫、抑郁、焦虑和偏执的因子分明显高于直接从院校考入的研究生;消极应对方式与SCL-90各因子呈正相关(P<0.01),积极应对方式(除敌对因子外)与SCL-90各因子呈负相关(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论军队工科院校研究生的心理健康水平低于军人群体,应特别关注从部队考入的研究生的心理健康状况,积极应对方式的教育有助于提高其心理健康水平。     

1104名新兵心理健康水平及相关因素分析

目的量化评估2009年某部入伍新兵心理健康水平及相关影响因素,为有效实施新兵心理干预和心理素质训练提供科学依据。方法应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、状态-特质焦虑问卷（STAI）、应付方式问卷、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）和社会支持量表组成调查问卷,对1104名新兵进行团体心理测试。结果 （1）1104名新兵的SCL-90总分及各因子分均低于2000年新兵常模（P〈0.01）。与2004年国内军人常模比较,躯体化因子分显著高于国内军人常模,抑郁、偏执、敌对性因子分及SCL-90总分显著低于国内军人常模（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;应对方式中解决问题、求助因子分显著高于国内军人常模（P〈0.01）,而自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子分均显著低于国内军人常模（P〈0.01）;状态、特质焦虑因子分均显著低于国内常模（P〈0.01）。与国内军人常模比较,EPQ-P、EPQ-N因子分显著低于常模,EPQ-E、EPQ-L因子分显著高于常模（P均〈0.01）。（2）EPQ-E、EPQ-L、成熟应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分均呈显著负相关P〈0.01）;不成熟性和混合性应对方式、状态-特质焦虑总分、EPQ-P、EPQ-N与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。（3）对新兵SCL-90总分有显著影响因素由大到小依次为：EPQ-N、状态焦虑、退避、掩饰性、自责和社会支持利用度（P均〈0.01）。结论 2009年新兵整体心理健康状况良好。新兵心理健康受个性、状态-特质焦虑、应对方式、社会支持等多因素影响。     

民兵维稳期间应对方式、社会支持与心理应激的关系

目的探讨新疆民兵维稳期间应对方式、社会支持与心理应激间的关系,为制定维稳民兵的心理应激干预措施提供依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,选取新疆维稳民兵832名,采用简易应对方式问卷、领悟社会支持量表和军人心理应激自评问卷进行调查。结果 (1)民兵心理应激标准分≥70分的有21人,占2.5%。(2)干部心理应激得分显著高于普通民兵(P0.01);服役时间≥13年者得分显著高于服役时间5年和9~13年者;有灾难经历者得分显著高于无灾难经历者(P0.05);对管理态度关心者得分显著低于比较关心者和不关心者(P0.01)。(3)消极应对和家庭外支持是影响民兵心理应激的重要因素。(4)消极应对通过家庭外支持对心理应激产生间接影响,其间接效应量为0.028 8,占总效应量(0.1788)的16.1%。结论影响民兵心理应激的因素包括消极应对和家庭外支持2个,且家庭外支持影响更为显著;家庭外支持在应对方式与心理应激间具有中介作用。     

潜水员心理症状与心理社会因素的关系

目的了解潜水员心理症状和心理社会因素的关系,为做好潜水员的心理保健工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,以症状自评量表(SCL-90)、生活事件量表(LES)和应对方式问卷(CSQ)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)作为测评工具,对296名潜水员的心理症状进行了调查。结果负性生活事件刺激量、总生活事件刺激量、不成熟应对方式(自责、幻想、退避)、PSQI与SCL-90总分及绝大多数因子分均呈显著正相关(P0.05);成熟应对方式(解决问题、求助)、社会支持与SCL-90总分及绝大多数因子分均呈显著负相关(P0.05)。PSQI、成熟应对方式对SCL-90总分的回归效应显著(R2=57.8,P0.01)。结论应对方式、睡眠状态是影响心理健康的重要因素,同时能够预测潜水员的心理健康水平。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.