Longitudinal study of quality of life and psychological adjustment after cardiac transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychological adjustment and quality of life of a sample of cardiac transplant recipients over time. DESIGN: The patients were consecutive recipients of new hearts which were transplanted between November 1984 and December 1986. Thirty-eight patients were entered into the study, but at final follow-up only 27 were assessed; six patients had died and five could not be contacted. Patients were seen before transplantation, at discharge, then at 4, 8 and 12 months after transplantation and finally at a mean of 4.2 years after transplantation. They were assessed by means of standardised questionnaires. The results were compared across time and correlated with demographic data and medical data collected at the initial assessment. Only patients who were alive and responded at each point of follow-up were included in the study. SETTING: All patients were seen at St Vincent's Public Hospital and were tertiary care patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were anxiety, depression and well-being. These measures were assessed by means of the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Campbell Well-Being Scale. At the four year follow-up the Nottingham Health Profile was also used. RESULTS: Scores for anxiety, depression and well-being improved significantly after transplantation and did not deteriorate over time. No significant correlations were found between psychological measures and medical or demographic data. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed no evidence of mood disorder and a high level of well-being in this sample of cardiac transplant recipients up to four years after transplantation.     

单中心亲属活体肾移植供受者生活质量调查

目的 调查分析亲属活体肾移植供者和受者术后生活质量。方法 应用自编个人资料调查问卷、SF-36生活质量量表、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对169对亲属活体肾移植供受者的一般情况、社会经济情况、捐肾动机和过程、生活质量和心理状况进行调查分析。结果 供者和受者都以初中及以下文化程度 [81.8%(90/110) vs 83.1%(103/124) ]和中低收入者 [85.5%(94/110) vs 54.8%(68/124) ]居多;供者以女性为主(61.8%,68/110),少数供者(5.5%,6/110)因捐肾对婚姻产生不良影响。供者与我国常模相比生活质量无明显差别,术后无焦虑和抑郁状态;受者与血透患者相比生活质量明显改善,极少数患者存在轻度焦虑(1.6%,2/124)和抑郁(5.6%,7/124)。结论 亲属活体肾移植对供者生活质量和心理无明显不良影响,可明显提高受者生活质量,但仍要术前严格筛选供者,加强术后随访和社会支持。     

Psychosocial effects of radiotherapy after mastectomy

Psychosocial morbidity was measured in 47 patients who received postoperative radiotherapy and in 38 who received no further treatment after mastectomy. Roughly one third of all patients experienced depression or anxiety. One month after operation, before radiotherapy, there were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the measures of psychosocial morbidity. Knowledge of impending treatment did not seem to influence morbidity. At three months patients who had completed radiotherapy had significantly more somatic symptoms and social dysfunction than those not so treated. At six months the radiotherapy group continued to show more somatic symptoms, but a year after operation there were no significant differences between the groups. Although several patients who received radiotherapy were upset by their treatment, the study failed to confirm that depression and anxiety were commoner among those given radiotherapy than among patients given no further treatment.     

Prognostic factors for late mortality after liver transplantation for benign end-stage liver disease

Background  There are increasing numbers of patients who survive more than one year after liver transplantation. Many studies have focused on the early mortality of these patients. However, the factors affecting long-term survival are not fully understood. This study aims to evaluate prognostic factors predicting long-term survival and to explore measures for improving the survival outcomes of patients who underwent liver transplantation for benign end-stage liver diseases.

Methods  The causes of late death after liver transplantation and potential prognostic factors were retrospectively analyzed for 221 consecutive patients who underwent liver transplantation from October 2003 to June 2008. Twenty-seven variables were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and those variables found to be univariately significant at P <0.10 were entered into a backward step-down Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to identify the independent prognostic factors influencing the recipients’ long-term survival.

Results  Twenty-eight recipients died one year after liver transplantation. The major causes of late mortality were infectious complications, biliary complications, and Hepatitis B virus recurrence/reinfection. After Cox analysis, the five remaining co-variables were: age, ABO blood group, cold ischemia time, post-infection region, and biliary complications.

Conclusions The major causes of late mortality were infection, biliary complications and Hepatitis B virus recurrence/reinfection. Five variables (Age, ABO blood group, cold ischemia time, infection, and biliary complications) had significant impacts on patient survival.

     

Long-term outcomes in adults with leukemia treated with transplantation of two unrelated umbilical cord blood units

Background  Wide application of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) in adult patients is limited by low cell-dose available in one umbilical cord blood (UCB) unit. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and long-term outcomes of UCBT from unrelated donors in adult and adolescent patients with leukemia.

Methods  Thirteen patients with leukemia received double-unit UCBT with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatched at 0–2 loci. We analyzed the engraftment, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and survival.

Results  Twelve evaluable patients (92.3%) had neutrophil and platelet engraftment at a median of 21 days (range, 16–38 days) and 34 days (range, 25–51 days), respectively. At day 30, engraftment was derived from one donor in 8 patients (66.7%, 95% CI 40.0%–93.4%), and from both donors in 4 patients (33.3%, 95% CI 6.7%–60.0%) with 1 unit predominated. Unit with larger nucleated cell (NC) dose would predominate in engraftment (P=0.039), whereas CD34⁺ cell dose or HLA-match failed to demonstrate any relationship with unit predominance. Only one patient developed grade II acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was observed in 2 of 11 patients who survived more than 100 days, and both were limited. The median follow-up after transplantation for the 13 patients was 45 months (range 1.5–121.0 months) and 72 months (range 41.0–121.0 months) for the 8 alive and with full donor chimerism. The 5-year cumulative disease free survival (DFS) was (61.5±13.5)%. Of the 13 patients, 5 patients died in 1 year and 1-year transplantation related mortality (TRM) was 23.1% (95% CI 0.2%–46.0%).

Conclusion  Double-unit UCBT from unrelated donors with HLA-mismatched at 0–2 loci may overcome the cell-dose barrier and be feasible for adults and adolescents with leukemia.

     

Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis

Fifteen patients with Laennec's cirrhosis underwent orthotopic liver transplantation between 1963 and the end of 1979. The first eight patients died perioperatively or within two months, but four of the next seven patients had long survival; three are still alive after 11 to 14 years. After the introduction of cyclosporine therapy, 41 more patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were treated with liver transplantation from 1980 to June 1987. The one-year survival is 73.2%, and, after one to three years, 28 (68%) of the recipients are living. Of the 35 patients in the combined old and new series who lived for six months or longer, only two returned to alcohol abuse. Social and vocational rehabilitation has been the rule in these recipients who were selected primarily because of urgency of need, because they or their families insisted on treatment, and because they and their families thereby committed themselves to long-standing programs of alcoholism care.     

免疫抑制剂在常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾患者肾移植术后的应用

目的 探究常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾（ADPKD）患者肾移植术后免疫抑制剂合理血药浓度。方法 收集2000年3月~2018年1月首次肾移植的68例ADPKD患者和68名性别、年龄和移植日期相匹配的其他肾移植受者(对照组）的临床资料,分析两组患者人、肾存活率、术后并发症以及术后1年内不同时期免疫抑制剂浓度的差异。同时根据术后是否发生泌尿道感染将ADPKD患者分为泌尿道感染组与非泌尿道感染组,分析两组患者术后1年内不同时期免疫抑制剂浓度的差异。结果 ADPKD组与对照组患者1、5、10年移植受者存活率分别为96.6%、94.1%、90.6%和96.0%、93.9%、93.9%;ADPKD组与对照组患者肾存活率分别为95.2%、90.8%、79.0%和96.0%、87.2%、82.3%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在术后急性排斥反应、胃肠道症状、心血管事件、肺部感染以及肿瘤的发生率上的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后9月,ADPKD组比对照组的他克莫司、霉酚酸血药谷浓度更低（P<0.05）;ADPKD组比对照组更容易发生泌尿道感染,且在ADPKD中泌尿道感染组较非泌尿道感染组的霉酚酸血药谷浓度要高（P<0.05）。结论 ADPKD患者移植术后长期维持需要的免疫抑制浓度可能要低于其他肾移植患者,且较高剂量的霉酚酸血药谷浓度与泌尿道感染的发生相关。     

The Washington University-Barnes Hospital experience with lung transplantation. Washington University Lung Transplantation Group

OBJECTIVE.--To review our experience with lung transplantation, emphasizing recipient selection, choice of procedure, functional results, and outcome. DESIGN.--Retrospective review of patients who received lung transplants at Barnes Hospital, St Louis, Mo, between July 1, 1988, and January 31, 1991. SETTING.--Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo, and Barnes Hospital, a medical school and its affiliated referral hospital, respectively. PATIENTS.--Sixty-nine lung transplant procedures were performed in 66 recipients. Patients with clinically and physiologically severe lung disease were selected according to predetermined guidelines. Underlying diseases in the recipients included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, primary pulmonary hypertension, Eisenmenger's syndrome associated with an atrial septal defect, bronchiectasis, eosinophilic granuloma, and lymphangiomyomatosis. INTERVENTION.--Double-lung, bilateral sequential, and single-lung transplantations were performed. Eight patients underwent en bloc double-lung transplantations or a modification of this procedure with separate bronchial anastomoses. Thereafter, the bilateral sequential approach to replacement of both lungs was performed in 26 patients. Thirty-two patients underwent single-lung transplantations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES.--Pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas levels, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and actuarial survival. RESULTS.--Actuarial survival at 1 year for the 66 lung transplant recipients was 79%. Actuarial survival at 1 year was 82% for the bilateral lung transplant recipients and was 90% for the single-lung transplant recipients. In patients with either restrictive or obstructive lung disease, pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas levels improved markedly after lung transplantation. In patients with primary pulmonary hypertension or Eisenmenger's syndrome, the pulmonary artery pressure decreased and the cardiac index increased into the normal range after single-lung transplantation. CONCLUSIONS.--In carefully selected patients with end-stage lung disease, single-lung and bilateral lung transplantations can significantly improve functional capacity, with promising early actuarial survival statistics after 1 year.     

肝移植患者术前心理状况的评估

目的 评估肝移植患者术前抑郁、焦虑的心理状况,为临床干预提供参考.方法 2006年10月至2007年7月四川大学华大医院收治的肝移植手术、消化道恶性肿瘤手术以及胆囊切除术患者各40例,手术前1天麻醉医师访视时使用ZUNG氏抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表对其进行评分.结果 肝移植患并术前抑郁、焦虑水平均高于全国常模,术前抑郁水平高于本院同期胆囊切除患者和胃肠道肿瘤手术患者,差异有统计学意义;肝移植患者术前抑郁女性高于男性,发生抑郁焦虑的患者与受教育水平无关;活体肝移植患者与原位肝移植患者术前抑郁、焦虑水平两者无统计学差异.结论 肝移植患者术前抑郁焦虑状态发生率较高,尤其是抑郁情绪明显高于常规手术患者,医生应注意沟通技巧,合理的术前用药,合适的心理评估与干预,尤其是女性患者.     

肾移植患者手术前后心理状态的分析与研究

目的分析与研究肾移植患者手术前后的心理状态。方法应用状态自评表（SCI—90）、Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及纽芬兰纪念大学幸福量表（MUNSH）对26例肾移植患者分别于同种异体肾移植手术前、后1-2周进行两次心理状态调查分析。结果肾移植手术前受者均存在明显的焦虑、抑郁，总体幸福度低；肾移植术后经有效的心理干预，受者的焦虑、抑郁症状明显低于术前，总体幸福度明显提高。不同性别、年龄、文化程度的肾移植患者术后焦虑、抑郁的严重程度不同，其中以女性、高学历以及〉30岁的中年人表现最为明显；而经济状况和术后移植肾功能恢复情况对肾移植患者的心理状态有着显著的影响。结论肾移植患者手术前后均存在较严重的心理问题，分析和研究患者手术前后的心理状态，实施有针对性的心理干预，对于提高肾移植的成功率，改善患者心理状态，提高生活质量极其重要。     

Cardiac transplantation in severely ill patients requiring intensive support in hospital

Sixty four patients were referred for cardiac transplantation from a single cardiac team at this hospital between October 1984 and December 1986. Of these patients, 33 were referred for urgent transplantation, all of whom required intensive treatment in hospital with intravenous infusions of cardiac drugs, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, peritoneal dialysis, ventilation, or any combination of these to sustain life. Of these 33 patients, six died while awaiting transplantation, one was removed from the waiting list for a transplant, and 26 received cardiac transplants. There were five deaths within 24 hours of operation and one death 10 days after the operation. Twenty of those who had surgery had a successful outcome of transplantation, but there was one late death 10 weeks postoperatively and a further death 31 months after surgery. Eighteen patients were alive and well 10 to 33 months (mean 19.4 months) after transplantation, with an overall survival rate after surgery of 69%. Provided that surgery can be performed before renal failure has progressed such that renal dialysis [corrected] is necessary, the results are excellent (surgical survival 85.5%) and, we believe, justify the expenditure and staffing requirements necessary to treat these terminally ill patients.     

Cardiac transplantation: University of South Florida--Tampa General Hospital experience

Cardiac transplantation has evolved from an experimental procedure to an accepted mode of therapy that prolongs life in patients with severe heart failure. The University of South Florida-Tampa General Hospital began performing cardiac transplantation for the treatment of end-stage cardiac disease in June 1985. Since then 42 heart transplantations have been performed and 30 patients are alive and well. The one-year actuarial survival is 78.73% and the two-year actuarial survival is 72.15%. Multiple complications have been encountered most notably rejection and infection. The recent approval of the USF/TGH program as a Medicare funded cardiac transplantation center is expected to greatly expand the number of potential recipients and will provide the residents of Florida, and the Southeastern United States, with an additional health care resource.     

心衰住院患者焦虑抑郁共病及其相关因素的研究

目的探讨心衰住院患者焦虑抑郁共病的患病率及其危险因素。方法连续性纳入2015年9月至2016年3月某三甲医院心内科住院的慢性心衰患者,收集患者临床资料,采用医院焦虑抑郁量表进行焦虑、抑郁评估。并对焦虑抑郁共病的危险因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果纳入的301例心衰患者中,存在焦虑者124例（41.2%）,抑郁者177例（58.8%）,焦虑抑郁共病者98例（32.6%）。单因素分析显示,女性、居住农村、家庭支持差、纽约心功能（NYHA）Ⅳ级、近一年心衰住院次数≥3次的心衰住院患者伴发焦虑可能性更大;家庭支持差、初等及以下学历、NYHA心功能Ⅳ级、偏瘦/正常的心衰住院患者伴发抑郁可能性更大;焦虑和抑制郁的严重程度呈正相关（Y=0.617,P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,有焦虑和/或抑郁的患者中,女性患焦虑抑郁共病的风险是男性的2.045倍,NYHA心功能Ⅳ级患者是Ⅱ/Ⅲ级患者的1.955倍,过去一年心衰住院次数≥3次患者是1～2次患者的2.288倍。结论焦虑抑郁共病在心衰住院患者中患病率高,需要重视心衰患者尤其是高危者的心理健康。     

Effects of living with and looking after survivors of a stroke

Information from a two year, longitudinal study on a community sample of patients with acute stroke was analysed to determine the effects of the stroke on the mood of the chief carer (the person living with the patient). Increased anxiety was the most commonly reported change six months after stroke. Significant depression was seen in 11-13% of carers over the first two years after stroke. The patient's functional disability was associated with depression in the carer over the first year but not at two years. A perceived poor recovery by the patient, a low level of general activities by the patient, and depression in the patient were also associated with depression in the carer within the first year. At two years after stroke none of the measured factors were related to a carer's level of depression. Carers of patients who have suffered stroke showed anxiety and emotional distress unrelated to the patient's physical disability after two years. More help from stroke support groups for carers is perhaps needed.     

Renal function of donors and recipients after living donor kidney transplantation in a Chinese cohort

Background  Living donor kidney transplantation (LKT) has been booming in China. This study aimed to elucidate the renal function of both Chinese donors and recipients after the donation and transplantation.

Methods  One hundred and forty-one pairs of donors and recipients for LKT were randomly selected and followed up for up to seven years. The donors’ and recipients’ renal function was recorded before and after operation.

Results  The donors presented a mean age of (43.9±7.5) years at donation. The female contributed 101/141 (71.6%) in all donors, and no effect was shown between genders on healthy donors’ renal function. The donors’ glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were (119.5±20.4) ml/min, (85.2±17.6) ml/min, (87.2±15.9) ml/min, (82.1±14.6) ml/min and (83.0±13.7) ml/min preoperatively, and for five days, three months, one year and beyond one year after the operation. The donors for the period of 1–3 years, 3–5 years and more than 5 years after donation showed GFR as (83.9±12.7) ml/min, (83.0±17.6) ml/min, and (80.9±20.8) ml/min, respectively, no statistically significant difference was found. Moreover, no significant clinical changes in blood pressure and proteinuria were found among the donors. In the recipients, delayed graft function (DGF) rate was 6.4%, acute rejection rate was 11.3%, and GFR were (66.5±16.4) ml/min, (73.2±19.6) ml/min and (63.9±18.6) ml/min respectively at three months, one year and beyond one year post-transplantation respectively.

Conclusion  The donors/recipients of LKT in Chinese population experience well-functioning remaining/donor kidneys.

     

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者及其家属在手术前后心理状态的对比研究

目的 本研究旨在调查住院冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（以下简称冠心病）患者及其家属在经皮冠状动脉支架置入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）术前、后的焦虑和/或抑郁状态的发生情况及变化特点。方法 选取拟行PCI术的住院冠心病患者和与陪同就诊的家属共50对。在术前1 d、出院当天及术后1个月分别进行抑郁自评量表（Self-rating Depression Scale,SDS）和焦虑自评量表（Self-rating Anxiety Scale,SAS）评估。并增设开放性问题补充了解患者及其家属的关注点。结果 在术前、出院当天及术后1月共3个时间点,有、无心理困扰的家庭,患者及家属的SDS和SAS评分呈现出4种不同的变化特点,无心理困扰的家庭比例逐渐升高,分别占42%、52%及54%;存在心理困扰的家庭比例在出院当天略降低（占8%）,术前（占12%）和术后（占14%）相似;存在心理困扰的家属比例逐渐降低,分别占30%、26%及18%;存在心理困扰的患者比例未见明显变化,分别占16%、14%及14%,但上述变化的差异无统计学意义（P值为0.437~0.948）。随着时间的变化,家属SDS和SAS平均值逐渐减低,而患者SDS和SAS平均值在术前和出院1个月时均较高,但患者和家属上述变化的差异均无统计学意义（P值为0.113~0.610）。存在心理困扰的研究对象共同的主要症状为睡眠障碍。术前患者及其家属最关系的焦点均是手术相关问题;在术后1个月时,患者最为担心的方面涉及病情、药物及工作和/或生活,家属最关心患者的手术效果。结论 术前存在焦虑或抑郁状态的冠心病患者和家庭,其心理状态在PCI术后未见明显改善趋势。     

Initial report of the Australian National Pilot Liver Transplantation Programme

Our group began a National Pilot Liver Transplantation Programme in January, 1986, for which this report documents the results of the first 15 months' work. Seventy potential recipients (55 adults, 15 children) were referred for consideration for liver transplantation either directly or by state selection committees that had been established in most Australian states. The most common conditions for referral of adults were chronic active hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis; 11 patients had fulminant hepatic failure. In children, the most common condition for referral was biliary atresia. Twenty-nine (41%) patients were considered unsuitable candidates for liver transplantation, 25 patients (21 adults and four children) were accepted for transplantation at a later time, and 16 patients (11 adults and five children) were selected for immediate transplantation. Of these 16 patients, three patients died before a donor could be found. Of the 13 patients to receive transplants (one patient received two transplants), 10 patients (seven of nine adults; three of four children) are alive and well; nine patients have good liver function and one patient has impaired liver function. The additional costs of the Programme to the hospitals were estimated at approximately $2 million a year. It is concluded that for those persons who require liver transplantation in Australia, worthwhile survival after this procedure can be obtained.     

婴幼儿心死亡后捐献肾行肾移植术：2 例病例报告并文献复习

目的：加深针对扩大标准供肾的心脏死亡器官捐献(donation aer cardiac death，DCD) 肾移植手术术中、
术后管理的认识。方法：2 例供肾来自于诊断为脑死亡的2 例低龄儿童供者，年龄分别为11 个月和1 岁7 个月，脑
死亡的原因分别是重症婴儿肝综合征和重症颅脑外伤。2 例供者出现心死亡后，切取双肾整块，并分别整块移植给了
2 位受者。2 例受者的年龄分别是37 岁和41 岁。结果：术后随访6 个月，2 例受者移植肾功能基本正常。2 例受者术
后都出现大量血性引流液，在给予相应治疗后停止，未出现急性排斥反应和其他手术并发症。结论：采用改进的技
术可以安全采用年龄<3 岁的婴幼儿DCD 供肾；手术后短期效果满意，有助于扩大供体池，但血管并发症值得重视。     

Physiological and psychological improvements of Chinese women with breast cancer in perioperative period after brief structured psychotherapy

Several studies have demonstrated that 30%-40% of cancer patients suffer from psychiatric problems such as depression, anxiety and adjustment disorders.1-3 The more positively the breast cancer patients rated their appraisal and tangible dimensions of social support, the lower value their mean cortisol level.4 Malignant melanoma patients who received 6-week structured intervention showed a lessening of emotional discomfort,augmentation of immune function and a decreased recurrence rate and mortality.5,6     

心脏死亡供肾肾移植19例临床分析

目的探讨终末期肾病患者接受DCD供者肾肾移植后的恢复情况及DCD供体对受者及移植物术后的影响．方法分析昆明市第一人民医院19例终末期肾病患者接受DCD捐献后肾移植的临床资料,对其术前、术后的诊疗及血肌酐（sCr）、移植物及受者存活情况进行回顾性分析．结果19例患者手术全获成功．术后无1例原发性移植物无功能（PNF）病例发生．供体sCr正常的6例,供给11例受体中7例发生肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）,发生率为63．6％;供体sCr（184～504μmol/L）异常的8例,供给的8例受者均发生DGF,发生率为100％;19例受体中有1例（5．3％）发生超急性排斥反应,移植肾丢失;有2例术后分别出现严重尿瘘和严重骨髓移植．18例受者接受随访,随访时间为3～12个月,平均7个月,移植肾功能完全恢复正常．结论DCD是目前我国器官来源的重要部分,是解决我国器官移植面临的器官短缺的一个非常有潜力的办法,并且有着较好的短中期预后．