肾移植后因免疫抑制剂的不良反应转换应用咪唑立宾的效果

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of conversion therapy to mizoribine (MZR) for renal transplant patients who suffered MMF or Aza adverse reaction. Methods In 56 patients with adverse reactions at different time points after renal transplantation, there were 23 cases of pulmonary infection, 14 cases of bone marrow depression, 6 cases of hepatic functional lesion and 13 cases of diarrhea. The immunosuppressive protocols of these patients were changed to CNI + MZR + Pre when the adverse reaction occurred. During the follow-up period (11 to 53 months), the effect and adverse events of conversion treatment were observed. Results After conversion treatment, 1 of 23 patients with pulmonary infection was re-infected after 26 months and finally died of heart and lung function failure. In 14 patients with bone marrow depression, blood test returned to normal in 13cases. Six patients with hepatic functional lesion were administered hepatoprotection treatment and their liver function was restored without recurrence of impaired liver function. All 13 patients with diarrhea were relieved without recurrence. The serum creatinine was 123 ± 21.3 μmol/L and 119±18. 2 μmol/L before and after the conversion therapy respectively (P＞0. 05). During the follow-up period, all patients' graft function was good. The incidence of rejection was 1.7 % (1 case). Nine patients (16. 1 %) had a higher level of uric acid after conversion. One patient had finger and toe joint pain. The symptoms were relieved after symptomatic treatment. Conclusion There were high security and good effect of conversion therapy to MZR due to MMF or Aza adverse reaction. Besides, MZR conversion therapy for renal transplantation patients provided a new option for individual immunosuppression.     

肾移植患者术后重症肺部感染的诊治经验（附46例报告）

目的总结肾移植患者术后重症肺部感染的诊断和救治经验。方法回顾分析2008年1月至2010年12月期间诊治的46例肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染患者的临床资料。结果 38例肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者的发病时间为术后2～6个月,8例发生于术后6个月以上。46例的主要临床表现特点为不同程度的发热、咳嗽、胸闷、气促,其中并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征20例。胸部计算机断层摄影术检查结果均有明显间质性肺炎典型表现。检出病原体36例（78%）,未检出10例。细菌性肺炎7例,真菌性肺炎6例,混合感染23例,其中仅有3例为巨细胞病毒感染。治疗采用综合治疗方案,包括经验性降阶梯治疗方案治疗,停用或调整免疫抑制剂用量和组合方案,部分病例采用连续肾脏替代治疗,并予支持治疗、改善通气、纠正低氧血症、免疫替代治疗。46例患者中38例（83%）治愈,8例（17%）死亡。结论肾移植术后重症肺部感染多发生在术后6个月内,病原体呈多样性。及早确诊、积极采用综合治疗方案,包括给予经验性降阶梯治疗措施,及时调整免疫抑制方案,纠正低蛋白血症,加强全身支持治疗,适时应用呼吸机支持和改善通气,纠正低氧血症等是救治成功的关键。     

肾移植后因免疫抑制剂的不良反应转换应用咪唑立宾的效果

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of conversion therapy to mizoribine (MZR) for renal transplant patients who suffered MMF or Aza adverse reaction. Methods In 56 patients with adverse reactions at different time points after renal transplantation, there were 23 cases of pulmonary infection, 14 cases of bone marrow depression, 6 cases of hepatic functional lesion and 13 cases of diarrhea. The immunosuppressive protocols of these patients were changed to CNI + MZR + Pre when the adverse reaction occurred. During the follow-up period (11 to 53 months), the effect and adverse events of conversion treatment were observed. Results After conversion treatment, 1 of 23 patients with pulmonary infection was re-infected after 26 months and finally died of heart and lung function failure. In 14 patients with bone marrow depression, blood test returned to normal in 13cases. Six patients with hepatic functional lesion were administered hepatoprotection treatment and their liver function was restored without recurrence of impaired liver function. All 13 patients with diarrhea were relieved without recurrence. The serum creatinine was 123 ± 21.3 μmol/L and 119±18. 2 μmol/L before and after the conversion therapy respectively (P＞0. 05). During the follow-up period, all patients' graft function was good. The incidence of rejection was 1.7 % (1 case). Nine patients (16. 1 %) had a higher level of uric acid after conversion. One patient had finger and toe joint pain. The symptoms were relieved after symptomatic treatment. Conclusion There were high security and good effect of conversion therapy to MZR due to MMF or Aza adverse reaction. Besides, MZR conversion therapy for renal transplantation patients provided a new option for individual immunosuppression.     

肾移植术后早期严重肺部感染患者外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的临床意义

目的 探讨肾移植术后早期严重肺部感染患者外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的临床意义.方法 采用流式细胞术检测2007年2月至2008年6月期间,肾移植术后早期发生严重肺部感染的28例患者(感染组)外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的变化,并随机选取同期肾移植术后病情稳定的30例患者(对照组)作为对照.结果 肾移植术后早期,感染组患者入院第1天CD4+T淋巴细胞计数显著低于对照组,分别为(184.1±117.5)个/μl和(518.6±232.7)个/μl(P<0.01).感染组患者中有5例治疗无效死亡,其中4例CD4+T淋巴细胞计数呈持续降低趋势;感染组中存活的患者在治疗恢复后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数明显上升至(406.5±163.9)个/μl,与治疗前比较,P<0.01.受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析表明,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数减少能作为判断发生肺部感染的有效指标,其曲线下面积(AUC)为94.9%(P<0.01),CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为220个/μL时,其特异度为100%.结论 外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞的变化与肾移植术后早期严重肺部感染的转归密切相关.CD4+T淋巴细胞计数低于220个/μl的患者发生感染的可能性极大;测定外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数并动态分析对于优化治疗和判断预后有重要的参考价值.     

肾移植术后应用来氟米特的长期效果分析

目的 研究肾移植患者术后长期应用来氟米特（leflunomide,LEF）进行免疫抑制治疗的疗效和不良反应.方法 回顾性研究对象为2001年10月至2012年5月在第二军医大学附属长征医院长期随访（5年以上）的64例首次肾移植术后患者.应用钙神经蛋白抑制剂（CNI）＋LEF＋泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案的患者32例（LEF组）,应用CNI＋吗替麦考酚酯（MMF）＋泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案的患者32例（MMF组）.比较两组患者肾移植后1、3、5年人、肾存活率,肾功能变化、排斥反应、感染及不良反应的发生率.结果 LEF组与MMF组患者术后1、3、5年的人存活率分别为100%、97%、81%和100%、94%、88%;两组术后1、3、5年的肾存活率分别为97%、91%、75%和97%、91%、81%;两组之间比较差异无统计学意义（均为P〉0.05）.LEF组患者术后1、3、5年的血清肌酐水平和24 h尿蛋白定量分别为（101±14）、（112±21）、（132±26）μmol/L和（896±98）、（1 232±126）、（1 458±110）mg;MMF组分别为（98±16）、（108±23）、（127±21）μmol/L和（912±101）、（1 275±117）mg、（1 483±133）mg（均为P〉0.05）.LEF组患者中,41%（13/32）出现不同程度的排斥反应,给予抗排斥反应治疗后,逆转5例（38%,5/13）,移植肾失功8例;MMF组患者中,34%（11/32）出现不同程度的排斥反应,给予抗排斥反应治疗后,逆转5例（45%,5/11）,移植肾失功6例.LEF组和MMF组患者术后感染发生率分别为13%（4/32）和19%（6/32）（P〉0.05）.两组药物不良反应发生率亦无统计学意义（均为P〉0.05）.结论 肾移植患者术后长期应用LEF进行免疫抑制治疗是安全、有效的.     

多种肾小球滤过率的估算方程在活体供肾者肾功能评估中的适用性研究

目的 比较多种肾小球滤过率(GFR)估算方程在亲属活体供肾功能评估中的准确性,找出适合我国人群的GFR估算方程.方法 以44名亲属活体供肾者为对象,以99mTc-二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)肾动态显像测定的GFR为参考标准,并以体表面积(BSA)将其标准化(sGFR).将以Cockcroft-GauIt(C-G)方程估算的肌酐清除率(Ccr),C-G方程、改良C-G方程、肾脏疾病饮食调整研究组(MDRD)方程和改良MDRD方程估算的GFR(eGFR),分别与sGFR进行比较,分析其偏差、相关性、准确性和精确性.结果 sGFR为(123±24)ml/min,C-G方程估算的Ccr,以及C-G方程、改良C-G方程、MDRD方程和改良MDRD方程估算的GFR分别为(123±27)ml/min、(104±22)ml/min、(156±28)ml/min、(122±19)ml/min和(138±25)ml/min,其偏差值,MDRD方程最小,两种改良方程的偏差较大;配对t检验及相关性分析,C-G方程的Ccr估算值、MDRD方程的估算值与sGFR的差异无统计学意义,改良C-G方程和改良MDRD方程的GFR估算值与sGFR之间的相关性较好;MDRD方程的准确性最高,两种改良方程的准确性较差;改良MDRD方程、改良C-G方程的精确性稍高.结论 5个估算方程估算的GFR均有不用程度的误差,相对来说MDRD方程的偏差较小,准确性较高,相关性和精确性尚可,但若应用于临床,有必要对其进行适当修正.     

肾功能延迟恢复对移植肾存活率的影响

肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)是肾移植术后早期常见的并发症之一,但DGF对肾移植受者的影响尚存争议,考虑到DGF对移植肾存活率影响的不确定性,我们对本院110例DGF受者进行了回顾性分析,探讨DGF的发生对移植肾存活率的影响.     

肾移植术后早期严重肺部感染患者外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的临床意义

Objective To explore the clinical implication of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts in renal allograft recipients with severe pulmonary infection in the early stage after kidney transplantation. Methods From February 2007 to June 2008, we investigated the variation of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts using flow cytometry in 28 cases of severe pulmonary infection 1 ～6 months after kidney transplantation (infection group), and 30 cases (control group) randomly selected that had stable situation and normal kidney function in the same period. Results CD4+ T-cell counts on the day of admission in infection group were significantly lower than in control group (184.1 ±117.5/μl vs. 518.6±232.7/μl, P<0.01 ). In infection group, 5 patients died and 4 of them had obviously declining trends of CD4+ T-cell counts during hospitalization course. Comparing to the day of admission, CD4+ T-cell counts of those survivors in infection group were significantly increased (184.1±117.5/μl vs. 406.5±163.9/μl, P<0.01) when infections were controlled. ROC analysis showed that CD4+ T-cell counts on the day of admission were accurate enough to identify who were susceptible to infection. In detail, the area under the curve (AUC) was 94.9% (P<0.01). CD4+ T-cell counts of 220/μl displayed the minimal misdiagnosis rate. Conclusions The variations of CD4+ T-cell counts are correlated to onset and progression of severe pulmonary infection in the early stage after kidney transplantation. Those who had CD4+ T-cell counts lower than 220/μl were at high risk of pulmonary infection. Direct measure and dynamic analysis of CD4+ T-cell subset have an important role in optimizing treatment and predicting prognosis of severe pulmonary infection in the early stage after kidney transplantation.     

西罗莫司在肾移植术后远期各类并发症患者中的转换应用

目的 探讨以钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)为主要免疫抑制方案的肾移植受者术后远期发生各类并发症时,应用两罗莫司(SRL)转换治疗方案的有效性及安全性.方法 肾移植术后远期38例采用CNI的患者因发生各类并发症而转换为SRL治疗,其中慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)17例、肿瘤10例、糖尿病3例、移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)球囊扩张术后2例、CNI毒性肝损害2例、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染2例、面容改变1例及马兜铃酸肾病1例.SRL首剂负荷剂量为4～6 mg,维持剂量为1～2 mg/d,血SRL浓度维持在4～8 μg/L.使用SRL当天,CNI的用量减少一半,并在达到血SRL目标浓度的2～4周内逐渐撤除.转换后对患者随访了3～46个月,动态观察血常规、血肌酐、血糖、血脂及尿蛋白等指标,观察不良反应及监测急性排斥反应、移植肾功能丧失和肺部感染等并发症的发生.结果 转换治疗后.17例CAN患者中12例肾功能明显好转,血肌酐水平由转换前的(195.8±40.0)μmol/L降至(159.1±37.5)μmol/L(P<0.05);10例肿瘤患者中7例存活良好,2例发生肿瘤远处转移,1例死亡,血肌酐水平由转换前的(102.8±28.0)μmol/L降至转换后3个月的(77.8±25.6)μmol/L(P<0.05);2例TRAS球囊扩张术后患者肾功能恢复正常,TRAS未再发生;3例糖尿病患者血糖水平有所改善;2例CNI肝毒性者转换后肝功能恢复正常;2例HCV感染者肝功能稳定,病毒RNA拷贝水平下降;1例面容改变者症状明显好转;1例马兜铃酸肾病者未发生肿瘤.转换治疗后,所有患者均未发生急性排斥反应,不良反应主要为高脂血症3例、蛋白尿3例及白细胞减少1例.结论 肾移植术后采用CNI者发生CAN等远期并发症时,将CNI转换为西罗莫司治疗是安全,有效的.     

肾移植术后并发卡波西肉瘤一例报告

1 临床资料患者男性,73岁,因慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期)于2006年1月10日在我院行同种异体肾移植术,既往无外伤及肿瘤病史.术后采用环孢素A 霉酚酸酯 泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案,术后恢复良好,治愈出院.术后3个月,患者左前臂出现红色条状红斑,无痛、痒等不适,后自觉红斑逐渐增大,并高出皮肤,转为紫红色,同时颈部也出现类似红斑两处.