HPLC同时测定血清中苯妥英、苯巴比妥和卡马西平的浓度

目的 :建立同时测定微量血清中苯妥英、苯巴比妥和卡马西平浓度的方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,以巴比妥为内标同时测定。KromasilC18不锈钢色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 水 (5 7∶43) ,流速 0 .8ml·min 1,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :检测浓度范围苯妥英为 4.0～ 5 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r=0 .9995 ) ,苯巴比妥 5 .0～ 6 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r =0 .9996 ) ,卡马西平为2 .5～ 2 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r =0 .9992 )。最低检测限分别为 1.0 μg·ml 1、2 .0 μg·ml 1和 0 .5 μg·ml 1;平均回收率分别为99.2 2 %、99.6 8%和 98.6 2 % ;日内和日间RSD均低于 5 % (n =5 )。结论 :该法准确、灵敏度高 ,重复性好 ,可作为 3种血药浓度监测的常规方法     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血中利福平浓度

目的 :建立测定人血清中利福平浓度的高效液相色谱法 (HPLC)。方法 :血清加 4倍量的甲醇沉淀后离心 ,取上清液用 0 45 μ微孔滤膜滤过后进样。采用Nova-PakC1 8柱 ,以甲醇 -醋酸盐缓冲液 (62∶40 )为流动相 ,氯氮作为内标 ,在 3 3 4nm波长处测定。结果 :利福平的线性范围为 1～2 5 μg/ml,平均回收率为 (1 0 0 9± 4 2 ) % ,日内、日间RSD均小于 4%。最低检测限为 0 5 μg/ml(信噪比≥ 3 )。结论 :本法简便、可靠 ,适用于临床监测。     

衍生化法测定癫痫患儿血清中丙戊酸的浓度

目的 :测定癫痫患儿血清中丙戊酸的浓度。方法 :采用柱前衍生化法 ,用对溴苯甲酰甲基溴于 70℃反应 ,以壬酸为内标 ,乙腈 KH2 PO4 (0 0 5mol·L-1,pH7 0 )为流动相 ,经YWGODS柱 (2 0 0mm× 4 0mm)分离 ,2 5 4nm波长处二极管阵列检测器检测 ;16例服药的癫痫患者 ,设定时间抽血 ,测定血药浓度。结果 :在 8～ 2 0 0 μg·ml-1浓度范围 ,峰高比与浓度相关性良好 (r=0 9970 ) ,最低检测浓度为 4μg·ml-1,平均回收率为 97 2 4%± 3 86 % ,日内和日间RSD分别为 2 38% (n =9)和 4 18% (n =5 )。 16例癫痫患儿血药浓度监测结果平均值为 71 89± 2 4 5 4μg·ml-1。结论 :该方法快速、准确 ,血清用量少 ,适于临床科研和常规监测     

RP-HPLC同时测定血浆中苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平和氢化可的松的浓度

目的　建立同时测定人血浆中苯巴比妥 (PB)、苯妥英 (PHT)、卡马西平 (CBZ)和氢化可的松 (HC)浓度的方法。方法　采用C18柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,以 0 0 1mol·L-1NaH2 PO4(pH 3 0 ) -甲醇 -乙腈 (4 7∶4 9∶4 )为流动相 ,莫沙必利为内标 ,检测波长 2 4 5nm。结果　标准曲线线性范围PB为 12 5～ 2 0 0 0 μmol·L-1,PHT为 6 2 5～ 10 0 0 μmol·L-1,CBZ为 5 0～ 80 0 μmol·L-1,HC为 80～ 12 80 μg·L-1。萃取回收率PB为 77 95 %～ 87 83% ,PHT为 84 97%～ 86 4 5 % ,CBZ为 79 2 1%～ 93 36 % ,HC为82 90 %～ 93 36 % ;方法回收率PB为 97 2 8%～ 10 0 5 % ,PHT为 96 4 3%～ 10 0 4 2 % ,CBZ为 95 6 3%～ 10 0 4 2 % ,HC为 98 82 %～10 0 98% ;日内测定RSD则分别为 1 2 1%～ 5 95 %、0 6 5 %～ 5 5 2 %、3 4 %～ 9 9%、1 70 %～ 6 0 3% ;日间测定RSD则分别为1 17%～ 6 76 %、3 6 4 %～ 7 2 6 %、0 96 %～ 4 81%、1 4 4 %～ 7 4 2 %。结论　本法快速、灵敏、准确 ,可用于临床同时监测 4种药物的浓度     

高效液相色谱法同时测定血浆中艾司唑仑、三唑仑和阿普唑仑浓度

目的 :建立同时测定血浆中艾司唑仑、三唑仑和阿普唑仑浓度的方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,选用ZORBAXRP C18柱(15 0mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm) ;甲醇 2 5mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液 (5 7∶4 3)作流动相 ;检测波长为 2 30nm。结果 :本法对三唑仑、阿普唑仑和艾司唑仑的最低检测限浓度均为 4 μg·L-1;回收率接近 10 0 % ;日内、日间精密度 <5 % ;线性范围均为 2 0～ 10 0 0 μg·L-1。结论 :本法能同时测定血浆中三唑仑、阿普唑仑和艾司唑仑 ,此法重现性好 ,灵敏 ,可靠 ,可用于临床药物中毒监测。     

HPLC法快速测定5—氟尿嘧啶血药浓度

目的 :建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血清中 5 -氟尿嘧啶浓度。方法 :血清样品用乙酸乙酯提取 ,水浴氮气吹干 ,残留物用水溶解后进样。色谱柱为C1 8柱 (2 5 0mm× 4 6mm) ,水为流动相 ,流速 1 0mL·min- 1 ,紫外检测波长 2 73nm ,桂皮酸为内标。结果 :本法最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·mL- 1 ,线性范围为 1 0～ 5 0 0 μg·mL- 1 ,日内RSD为 2 7%～ 4 1% ,日间RSD为 3 8%～ 4 7(n =4)。结论 :该法适用于 5 -氟尿嘧啶的药代动力学研究及临床血药浓度检测。试验结果表明 ,该方法经济、简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

猕猴静脉推注加滴注重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子后的药代动力学

目的　研究猕猴静脉推注加滴注 (2 0 %∶80 % )10、2 0和 4 0 μg·kg- 1重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (rhbFGF)后血清抗原浓度 时间变化和药代动力学并与静脉推注比较。方法　ELISA法 ,测定浓度的专一性、灵敏度、重现性和测定范围 ,血清回收率和精密度均良好。结果　猕猴血清内源性水平(14 4± 10 1)ng·L- 1;静脉推注后即刻浓度最高 ,分别为 (33± 16 ) ,(5 6± 8)和 (91± 2 8) μg·L- 1,滴注期间稳定在 2 2～ 2 7,37～ 4 4和 6 3～ 6 5 μg·L- 1,提示控制药量和滴注速率可使浓度维持在不同水平。停药后浓度迅速下降 ,平均末端相半衰期 (t1/ 2 )为 2 .6～2 .9h。AUC( 0～∞ ) 随剂量成正比增大 ,全身清除率Cls不变。结论　在给药量范围内表现为线性药代动力学。静脉推注药代动力学与推注加滴注组相近。     

尼扎替丁的含量及有关物质测定方法的改进

目的　改进美国药典中尼扎替丁有关物质及含量测定方法的条件。方法　采用等度洗脱法进行测定 ,以甲醇 - 0 .0 5mol·L-1乙酸铵缓冲液 (2 0∶80 )为流动相 ,柱温 30℃ ,检测波长 2 5 4nm ,进样浓度 4 5 0 μg·ml-1,进样量 2 0 μl,流速 1.0ml·min-1。有关物质检查和含量测定同时进行。结果　尼扎替丁在 0 .2 8～ 75 0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好 ,最低检出限为 4 .5ng,高、中、低浓度精密度试验RSD分别为 0 .0 2 %、0 .0 2 %、0 .0 3%。结论　方法简便 ,结果准确。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中阿米替林及其代谢物去甲替林的总浓度和游离浓度

目的　建立灵敏、简便、适合临床监测阿米替林及其代谢物去甲替林总浓度与游离浓度的反相高效液相色谱法(RP HPLC)。方法　血样在碱性条件下 ,经一步液 液提取法后 ,在C 18柱上进行分离。流动相为乙腈∶水 =30∶70(V/V) ,其中含三乙胺 0 5 %和磷酸 0 3%。血浆样品药物总浓度测定为RP HPLC ,游离药物测定为超滤离心 /RP HPLC。结果　阿米替林和去甲替林的标准曲线在 4～ 2 0 0μg·L-1(总浓度 )和 4～ 6 4μg·L-1(游离浓度 )范围内呈线性。两药的平均回收率分别为 10 2 0 %± 3 77%与 99 3 %± 7 13 % ;日内RSD分别为 2 40 %～ 4 39% ,3 0 2 %～4 2 8% ;日间RSD分别为 4 92 %～ 6 15 % ,6 35 %～7 48%。测定了 7例健康志愿者单剂量口服盐酸阿米替林片 5 0mg后 6h的血药浓度。血浆阿米替林总浓度为 18 0～ 2 7 2 μg·L-1,游离浓度为 1 4～ 2 5 μg·L-1。血浆去甲替林总浓度为 (2 0± 0 4) μg·L-1(1 5～ 2 5 μg·L-1)。阿米替林的血浆蛋白结合率在 89 8%～ 92 6 %之间。结论　本方法简便、快速 ,灵敏度与选择性高 ;成本低 ,可用于临床上阿米替林治疗中的血药总浓度和游离浓度监测     

高效液相色谱法快速测定血清茶碱浓度及临床应用

目的 :建立HPLC快速测定血清茶碱浓度的方法。方法 :色谱柱 μ BondapakC18(4.6mm× 2 5 0mm ,10 μm) ,流动相甲醇 水 (2 5∶75 ) ,流速 1.2mL·min-1,检测波长 2 6 5nm ,以乙酰苯胺为内标 ,血清用乙腈沉淀蛋白后进样分析。结果 :茶碱在2 .5～ 4 0mg·L-1浓度范围之间线性良好 ,r =0 .9994。平均回收率为 99.5 %。对 34例患者作血清茶碱浓度监测 ,临床效果满意。结论 :本方法取样量少 ,操作简便 ,可作为茶碱血药浓度监测的常规方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.