南京市学龄前儿童行为问题及其家庭环境影响因素

目的 了解学龄前儿童的行为问题及其相关影响因素,为针对性地开展学龄前儿童心理卫生工作提供依据.方法 抽取南京市区9所托幼机构1 141名儿童为调查对象,应用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)及心理调查问卷,调查儿童心理行为问题及相关影响因素.结果 南京市学龄前儿童行为问题检出率为9.20%,儿童行为问题男女检出比例为1: 2,女童行为问题发生率高于男童,5岁以下女童心理异常发生率高于5岁以上女童.儿童行为问题与父母文化程度密切相关,与母亲孕期精神紧张、孕期有过精神刺激、父母有神经精神疾患、父、母经常责骂孩子、父亲对儿童的关心程度有关;搬家、入园等生活事件与儿童行为问题发生有关;母亲学历、家庭关系融洽是儿童心理健康的保护因素.结论 儿童行为问题的发生是环境、社会、家庭、教养等多因素综合作用的结果.应有针对性开展学龄前儿童心理卫生工作,降低儿童心理行为问题发生率.     

托幼机构儿童心理卫生服务模式研究

【目的】合理利用现有卫生资源,建立儿童心理卫生保健三级防治网,扩大儿童心理卫生服务覆盖面。【方法】在托幼机构开展心理卫生分级管理,明确职能和分工,提高防治水平。【结果】实施托幼机构心理卫生规划,分析影响儿童心理健康因素,监控妨碍儿童心理卫生发展的危险指标。以人为本,在托幼机构开展系列心理保健服务,实施在园儿童心理卫生咨询、辅导,内展外延,服务于大众。开设绿色转诊通道,做好家庭、托幼园所、医院之间的桥梁沟通,将托幼机构作为医院治疗的后续干预手段,帮助儿童早日恢复健康和自信。【结论】扩大儿童心理卫生服务覆盖面,发挥托幼机构主渠道的预防、保健作用,保障儿童身心健康。     

黎、汉族学龄前儿童行为问题影响因素的对照研究

【目的】了解黎、汉族学龄前儿童心理行为发展状况及其影响因素，为黎、汉族学龄前儿童行为问题的干预措施提供科学依据；【方法】采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表对黎族929名，汉族792名学龄前儿童家长进行问卷调查，同时填写儿童行为问题影响因素的自拟调查表；【结果】①学龄前儿童行为问题检出率黎族为7．00％．汉族为16．90％，两者差异具有显著性意义，但无性别差异；②单因素分析结果显示影响学龄前儿童行为问题的因素：黎族为父母文化程度、早期喂养方式等；汉族为父母教育方式、母亲妊娠期用药等；③多因素分析结果显示影响学龄前儿童行为问题的因素：黎族为照顾者、母亲对妊娠态度等；汉族为父母亲责备打骂子女、父母教育方式等。【结论】黎族学龄前儿童行为问题的检出率低于汉族学龄前儿童。     

深圳市宝安区沙井街道学龄前期儿童心理行为调查现状分析

目的：了解沙井街道学龄前期的儿童心理行为特征,以便对儿童心理咨询提供科学根据。方法：编制儿童心理行为调查表,通过整群抽样对4024名学龄前儿童（其中男童2024名,女童2000名）进行儿童心理行为及影响因素的调查分析。结果：学龄前期儿童行为问题检出率为12．52％,男童行为发生率（14．62％）高于女童（10．40％）,男女心理行为发生在性别间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,行为问题前三位因素男童依次为攻击、多动、抑郁,女生依次为攻击、分裂、体诉。儿童行为问题主要与家庭状况、父母教养方式等因素有关。结论：学龄前期儿童心理行为问题高发生率现状与多因素有关,家庭、学校、医院、社会等应共同关注,采取切实可行的措施势在必行。     

昆山地区托幼机构6～7岁儿童行为问题流行病学调查

【目的】了解昆山地区托幼机构6～7岁儿童的行为问题现状,为卫生行政部门制定相关决策提供依据。【方法】采用Conners父母症状问卷(Parent Symptom Questionnaire,PSQ),对昆山地区托幼机构的7 149名6～7岁儿童的行为问题进行调查,并将结果与Conners国内常模进行比较。【结果】昆山地区托幼机构6～7岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍症状阳性总检出率为3.43%,男童的检出率(4.48%)高于女童(2.25%),差异有高度统计学意义(χ2=26.63,P0.01);不同年龄组间冲动-多动、焦虑、多动指数等因子检出率差异具有统计学意义(P值均0.05);男童的品行问题、冲动-多动、多动指数等因子得分均高于女童(P值均0.05);男童冲动-多动因子得分较国内常模较低、多动指数因子得分较国内常模较高(P值均0.05);女童的品行问题、心身问题、冲动-多动、焦虑以及多动指数得分均较国内常模高(P值均0.05)。【结论】昆山地区学龄前儿童多动等行为问题明显,应早期预防、早期干预。     

4～14岁儿童行为问题及影响因素分析

【目的】了解4～14岁儿童行为问题及影响因素。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist，CBCI。)及自制儿童心理卫生调查问卷．对735名4～14岁儿童的行为及相关因素进行调查，并对调查结果进行多元回归分析。【结果】儿童行为问题检出率为11．7％．学龄前儿童行为问题检出率明显高于学龄期儿童。逐步回归分析显示父母关系、居住条件、社会风气、母亲文化程度、家庭人均月收入、父母对子女期望、子女在家劳动情况共7个因素影响着儿童行为发育。【结论】要减少儿童行为问题的发生，家庭、学校、社会必须联合采取综合措施，才能获得满意效果。     

兰州市学龄前儿童视力异常影响因素分析

【目的】 调查分析兰州市城区学龄前儿童视力异常发生率及其影响因素,为视力异常的防治提供科学依据。 【方法】 依据该地地理分布及社会功能区特征,参考幼儿园公私立等性质,采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取10所幼儿园的2 754名学龄前儿童进行调查。应用儿童图形视力表和标准对数视力表检查视力,采用美国伟伦公司Suresight手持验光仪对调查儿童进行屈光检查。同时对儿童家长进行视力异常相关因素问卷调查,应用Logistic回归模型进行危险因素分析。 【结果】 调查对象男、女童视力异常检出率均为13.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。男、女童视力异常检出率均随年龄增长而下降(P<0.05)。在9项视力异常相关因素中出生体重、胎龄、父母视力情况和每天睡眠时间这4项影响学龄前儿童的视力。 【结论】 托幼机构与家庭应重视学龄前儿童眼保健工作,着力培养儿童良好的生活习惯,同时强化社会性健康教育,从社会、家庭、托幼机构等多方面采取综合干预措施控制视力异常的发生。     

健康教育对降低学龄前儿童意外伤害干预效果评价

【目的】 在学龄前儿童、家长及幼儿园教师中开展以预防儿童伤害为主题的健康教育,针对发现的危险因素进行干预,提高伤害对象的认知行为,降低儿童伤害的发生。 【方法】 以学龄前儿童为干预对象,监测意外伤害,对干预前后的学龄前儿童伤害的发生率进行比较,并对干预效果进行评价。干预方法包括对幼儿老师设计安全课程,对幼儿进行健康教育;召开家长会,对家长进行健康教育等。 【结果】 干预后意外伤害的发生率较干预前降低。对家长进行健康教育后,家长对家庭中危险因素认知有所提高,改变不利因素的家庭儿童意外伤害发生率低于未改变的家庭,结果具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。 【结论】 健康教育对降低学龄前儿童意外伤害有效。     

不同性别学龄前儿童行为问题影响因素的调查

【目的】 通过对长沙市学龄前儿童行为问题的调查,探讨不同性别儿童行为问题的影响因素,为早期预防和早期干预提供依据。 【方法】 在长沙市5个行政辖区随机抽取854例3~5岁儿童,由家长完成受试儿童的Conners父母症状问卷和自行设计的儿童行为问题影响因素问卷。 【结果】 长沙市学龄前儿童行为问题总检出率为20.4%,男童检出率明显高于女童(P＜0.001)。影响男童行为问题的因素有喂养方式、是否奶瓶喂奶、儿童食欲、孕期疾病、产后情绪、父母关系、母亲情绪、教育态度、教育方式、看护人变更、父亲说梦话、母亲说梦话、小儿睡觉辗转不安;影响女童行为问题的因素有有无参加特长培训、夜睡时间长短、睡前30 min是否做游戏、睡前情绪、既往是否经常感冒、近一年生病情况、饮食是否规律、父母关系、母亲情绪、产后情绪、早产。 【结论】 男女儿童行为问题的发生率存在差异,且其影响因素也各有不同,在实际工作中需引起重视。     

珠海市4～5岁学龄前儿童行为问题的研究

【目的】　探讨学龄前儿童行为问题发生率及其影响因素 ,为制订相应的措施以减少儿童行为问题发生提供科学依据。　【方法】　采用Achenbach儿童行为量表和自制的儿童行为问题影响因素调查表对 10 2 2名学龄前儿童的行为问题及其影响因素进行调查。　【结果】　儿童行为问题总检出率约为 18.79%,男童检出率为2 2 .2 9%,女童检出率为 15 .0 9%,不同性别儿童检出率有极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,不同年龄、城乡之间行为问题检出率未发现有显著性意义。儿童行为问题的主要影响因素是儿童健康状况、儿童与父母的关系、父母教育方式、父亲责备、打骂子女和儿童年龄等。　【结论】　学龄前儿童行为问题与生物、家庭环境等因素有关。为降低学龄前儿童行为问题的发生率 ,必须从妇女妊娠开始 ,重视生物、家庭、社会因素的影响     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.