去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压28例临床分析

目的 评价应用去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压的疗效。方法 应用去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗28例脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压，对照组18例应用大剂量多巴胺并多巴酚丁胺，评价治疗前及治疗12h后两组的血压、心率、尿量、CRT、乳酸水平及EF值。治疗72h后统计两组MODS发生率及死亡率。结果 治疗12h后，治疗组血压上升。心率下降，尿量增加，CRT缩短，乳酸下降，EF值增加，与治疗前及对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗72h后两组MODS发生率及死亡率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺用于脓毒性休克能有效地升高血压，改善循环与灌注，提高脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压救治成功率。     

去甲肾上腺素加多巴酚丁胺及多巴胺对脓毒性休克患者肾功能的影响

目的观察去甲肾上腺素加多巴酚丁胺、多巴胺对脓毒性休克病人肾功能的影响。方法40例脓毒性休克的病人经过积极的液体复苏后,随机分为治疗组(20例)与对照组(20例)。治疗组用去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺,对照组应用多巴胺,观察患者尿量及血尿素氮、肌酐、内生肌酐清除率(CCr)的变化。结果治疗组内生肌酐清除率显著高于对照组,对照组尿量、尿素氮、肌酐则明显高于治疗组。结论联合使用去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺可显著增加CCr。     

脓毒性休克应用多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素对肾脏影响的差异

严重感染是重症监护病房中死亡的主要原因之一,脓毒性休克患者使用血管活性药物是必要的,随着对脓毒性休克发病机制和病理生理变化的深入认识,对血管活性药物的应用和疗效也在不断进行重新评价,本研究探讨在保证充足前负荷状态下观察多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对脓毒性休克患者肾功能的影响.     

去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对感染性休克病人肾功能的影响

目的　观察多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对感染性休克病人肾功能的影响。方法　符合感染性休克诊断标准的 15例病人经过积极的液体复苏后 ,随机应用血管活性药物 ,观察尿量、肌酐清除率 (CCr)、钠排泄分数 (FeNa)的变化。结果　多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、多巴酚丁胺联合去甲肾上腺素都能提高血压 ,增加CI、SVRI、LVSWI,与基础值比较有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5 ;但对肾功能的改善去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺比单独去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5 ;多巴胺增加尿量、FeNa有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5。结论　去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺既能增加CI、SVRI、LVSWI ,又能改善肾功能 ,是治疗感染性休克病人理想的血管活性药。     

去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对感染性休克患者胃粘膜灌注的作用

目的：观察多巴胺（Dopa)、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺（NE＋Dobu）对感染性休克患者胃肠道灌注的影响。方法：符合感染性休克诊断标准的13例患者经过积极的液体复苏后，随机应用血管活性药物，观察胃粘膜内pH(pHi）、胃粘膜与动脉血二氧化碳分压差（△PCO2）的变化。结果：多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素，去甲肾上腺素＋多巴酚丁胺都能提高血压，增加心排指数（CI）、体循环阻力指数（SVRI）、左室每搏功指数（LVSWI）、氧输送（DO2），与基础值比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）；但对胃pHi,△PCO2的改善去甲肾上腺素＋多巴酚丁胺比单独去甲肾上腺素明显，比多巴胺更好，差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结论：多巴酚丁胺和去甲肾上腺素联合即能增加CI、SVRI、LVSWI、DO2，又能改善胃pHi, △PCO2，是治疗感染性休克患者理想的血管活性药。     

去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对感染性休克病人胃黏膜灌注的作用

目的　观察多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对感染性休克病人胃肠道灌注的影响。方法　符合感染性休克诊断标准的 13例病人经过积极的液体复苏后 ,随机应用血管活性药物 ,观察胃黏膜pHi、△PCO2 的变化。结果　多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、多巴酚丁胺 +去甲肾上腺素都能提高血压 ,增加CI、SVRI、LVSWI、DO2 ,与基础值比较有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5 ;但对胃pHi、△PCO2 的改善去甲肾上腺素 +多巴酚丁胺比单独去甲肾上腺素明显 ,比多巴胺更好 ,有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5。结论　多巴酚丁胺和去甲肾上腺联合既能增加CI、SVRI、LVSWI、DO2 ,又能改善胃pHi、△PCO2 ,是治疗感染性休克病人理想的血管活性药     

多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、多巴酚丁胺及肾上腺素对严重感染患者肾功能的影响

目的观察多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素等血管活性药物对严重感染患者肾功能的影响.方法33例严重感染患者经过积极的液体复苏后,随机应用血管活性药物,观察尿量、肌酐清除率(CCr)、钠排泄分数(FeNa)的变化.结果联合使用去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺时,CCr为(77.9±139.7)ml/min,显著高于基础值[(36.5±24.2)ml/min]和多巴胺组[(52.6±66.5)ml/min],P均<0.05.多巴胺组尿量为(195±101)ml/h,FeNa为(6.4±4.6)%,均明显高于去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺组[(135±142)ml/h、(3.2±3.2)%]、去甲肾上腺素组[(125±53)ml/h、(4.9±2.7)%]、肾上腺素组[(130±124)ml/h、(5.6±6.0)%]和基础值[(167±131)ml/h、(6.3±8.2)%],P均<0.05,但多巴胺组的CCr显著低于去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺组(P<0.05),与其余各组无显著差异(P均>0.05).结论联合使用去甲肾上腺素和多巴酚丁胺可显著增加CCr;多巴胺能增加尿量和FeNa,但不增加CCr.     

血管活性药物对脓毒症患者肝肾功能的影响

目的：探讨血管活性药物对脓毒症患者肝、肾功能的影响。方法：回顾性研究1997年1月－2001年6月外科ICU内使用血管活性药物超过4日的脓毒症患者，记录用药前1日的急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）、体循环平均动脉压等资料。患者分为大剂量多巴胺组、去甲肾上腺素加用小剂量多巴胺或多巴酚丁胺组及小剂量多巴胺或多巴酚丁胺组，比较用药前后血肌酐及总胆红素的变化。结果：大剂量多巴胺组用药后血肌酐及总胆红素均显著增高（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）。去甲肾上腺素加用小剂量多巴胺或多巴酚丁胺对血肌酐及总胆红素均无显著影响。单用小剂量多巴胺或多巴酚丁胺可使血肌酐显著降低，但用药前后血总胆红素无显著差异。结论：使用小剂量多巴胺或多巴酚丁胺可能对脓毒症患者肝、肾等脏器的血液循环有利，可以逆转用去甲肾上腺素升压时对内脏灌流的不良影响。     

不同血管活性药物对脓毒症休克兔肠屏障的影响

目的 评价不同血管活性药物对脓毒症休克兔肠黏膜通透性影响.方法 采用盲肠结扎穿孔联合静脉注入内毒素制备脓毒症休克模型,将63只新西兰大白兔随机分为假手术对照组(A组,n=7)、造模组(B组,n=14)、多巴胺组(C组,n=14)、去甲肾上腺素+多巴酚丁胺组(D组,n=14)和去甲肾上腺素+精氨酸升压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)组(E组,n=14),各组分别于造模后3、6 h 2个时相点处死7只,留取尿标本测定各时相点乳果糖与甘露醇比值(lactulose/mannitol, L/M) ,并留取回肠标本作光镜和电镜检查.结果 各组尿中L/M值在各时相点均高于A组;C组与B组比较,尿中L/M值在3、6 h差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);D组尿中L/M值在3 h显著低于B组(P<0.05);E组尿中L/M值在3、6 h均显著低于B组(P<0.05).形态学观察发现D、E组回肠损伤明显轻于B、C组.结论 脓毒症休克时肠黏膜屏障损伤严重;去甲肾上腺素联用多巴酚丁胺或小剂量精氨酸升压素可以有效缓解脓毒症休克引起的肠形态和肠通透性改变;去甲肾上腺素联用小剂量精氨酸升压素效果可能更持久.     

多巴胺与去甲肾上腺素对感染性休克患者疗效的比较

选择我院急诊科2009年10月~2013年9月收治的感染性休克患者50例为研究对象。两组患者在进行充分液体复苏、抗感染、纠酸、肾上腺皮质激素治疗基础上,A组微量泵入药物多巴胺1~15μg/(kg·min),B组微量泵入药物去甲肾上腺素0.03~2μg/(kg·min),维持患者平均动脉压在75mm Hg或以上。经过治疗后比较两组患者的动脉血乳酸浓度水平,发现两组患者的数值均出现了不同程度的降低,但B组患者的动脉血乳酸浓度水平要显著低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);B组的6、12和24h动脉血乳酸清除率要高于A组患者,差异也有统计学意义(P0.05);比较两组患者的平均动脉压可以发现,B组患者的平均动脉压亦高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),去甲肾上腺素比多巴胺能更有效地改善感染性休克患者的血流动力学并明显降低患者的动脉血乳酸浓度,加快了动脉血中的乳酸清除,并进一步显著改善了组织器官的缺血缺氧。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."