4～5岁儿童行为问题与家庭环境关系的研究

[目的]探讨影响4～5岁儿童行为发育的家庭环境。[方法]采用Achenbech儿童行为量表和自制家庭环境问卷对600名4-5岁儿童的行为及其家庭环境进行调查，并对调查结果进行多元回归分析。[结果]影响4-5岁儿童行为问题的家庭因素包括家庭结构、父母亲职业和健康状况及对儿童的经济投入情况等。不同家庭环境因素对4-5岁儿童各行为因子产生不同的影响，这种影响存在明显的性别差异。[结论]家庭环境对4-5岁儿童行为发育产生重要影响，在对儿童行为问题进行干预时要重视家庭环境的作用，并要注意性别差异。     

家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题的影响

目的探讨家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题的影响,以降低学龄前儿童行为问题的发生率.方法采用问卷调查的方法对600名4～5岁儿童的行为及家庭环境进行调查,应用SPSS软件进行多元回归分析.结果不同家庭精神环境特征对4～5岁儿童行为问题的影响不同,且存在明显的性别差异.影响男性儿童行为问题的家庭特征有亲密度、矛盾性、知识性、组织性和成功性;影响女性儿童的家庭特征有亲密度、矛盾性、知识性、组织性、成功性和娱乐性.结论家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为发育产生重要影响.在进行学龄前儿童行为问题的诊断和干预时,要重视家庭环境的作用,并要注意性别差异.     

家庭环境与4～5岁儿童行为问题关系的研究

目的了解家庭环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题发生的影响，为儿童和家庭干预提供可靠的依据。方法采用自拟儿童心理卫生调查表、Achenbach’s儿童行为量表（CBCL）以及家庭环境量表中文版（YES—CV）对武汉市武昌区17所幼儿园共617名4～5岁儿童进行调查，并将结果采用SPSS10．0软件包进行数据分析。结果筛选出存在行为问题的儿童103例，检出率为16．70％，检出率高于全国常模12.19％（P〈0．05）。相关分析发现男孩行为问题的发生与其家庭环境的亲密度、情感表达、知识性、娱乐性、组织性、控制性因子呈负相关关系（P〈0．01），与其家庭环境的矛盾性呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）；女孩行为问题的发生与其家庭环境内外的亲密度、情感表达、成功性、知识性、娱乐性因子呈负相关关系，与其家庭环境的矛盾性呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论湖北省武汉市武昌区4～6岁儿童行为问题发生率高于全国平均水平。家庭环境特征对男女儿童不同行为问题发生的影响不同。儿童行为问题的发生与儿童的家庭环境有关。     

学前儿童家庭环境特征对心理行为的影响

目的 了解合肥市4～5岁学前儿童心理健康状况及家庭环境特征对儿童心理行为的影响.方法 抽取18所托幼机构中共1 588名4～5岁儿童(男童824名,女童764名),分别采用儿童行为量表及家庭环境量表中文版对儿童家长进行问卷调查,并进行相关和多元回归分析.结果 合肥市4～5岁学前儿童行为问题检出率为14.36%,其中男童为8.37%,女童为20.81%.影响男童行为的家庭环境特征主要有亲密度、矛盾性、成功性、组织性;影响女童行为的家庭环境特征主要为矛盾性、成功性和组织性.结论 女童的行为问题检出率明显高于男童,家庭环境对儿童行为有重要的影响.     

4～14岁儿童行为问题及影响因素分析

【目的】了解4～14岁儿童行为问题及影响因素。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist，CBCI。)及自制儿童心理卫生调查问卷．对735名4～14岁儿童的行为及相关因素进行调查，并对调查结果进行多元回归分析。【结果】儿童行为问题检出率为11．7％．学龄前儿童行为问题检出率明显高于学龄期儿童。逐步回归分析显示父母关系、居住条件、社会风气、母亲文化程度、家庭人均月收入、父母对子女期望、子女在家劳动情况共7个因素影响着儿童行为发育。【结论】要减少儿童行为问题的发生，家庭、学校、社会必须联合采取综合措施，才能获得满意效果。     

Tourette综合征儿童的行为问题与家庭环境

目的:评估Tourette综合征(TS)儿童的行为和家庭情况,探讨家庭因素对TS儿童行为问题的影响.方法:采用定式问卷、家庭环境量表(FES)、儿童行为量表(CBCL)对60名TS儿童和60名正常儿童的行为问题、家庭背景和家庭环境进行调查评定,并对数据进行相关分析和多重线性回归分析.结果:TS组CBCL总分及各因子得分均高于对照组(均P＜0.05).TS组家庭-亲密度得分低于对照组,家庭-矛盾性得分高于对照组(P＜0.001).相关分析显示家庭-亲密度与社会退缩、躯体主诉、行为问题总分负相关;情感表达与躯体主诉负相关;家庭-矛盾性与社会退缩、焦虑/抑郁、违纪行为、外化性问题、行为问题总分正相关.多因素分析显示TS儿童行为问题与家庭-矛盾性正相关,与母亲文化程度负相关.结论:TS儿童存在广泛和明显的行为问题并有着相对不良的家庭环境,TS儿童的家庭环境和行为问题相互影响,家庭矛盾性和母亲文化程度是TS儿童行为问题的主要家庭影响因素.     

深圳劳务工4～5岁子女行为问题现况研究

目的了解深圳劳务工学龄前子女行为问题发生现状,为政府制订关爱劳务工子女相关卫生保健政策提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样方法,抽取深圳市光明新区1 185名劳务工学龄前子女(4~5岁)进行问卷调查,并采用Achenbach儿童行为量表对儿童行为问题进行了测试。结果 1 185名劳务工子女中检出行为异常者204人,检出率17.21%,不同性别间体诉、社交退缩、攻击性和分裂样行为因子异常率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素逐步回归分析显示:性别、家庭环境、父亲职业稳定程度、母亲文化程度、家庭装修次数、父母教育子女态度、饮食习惯、吸烟等是影响4~5岁学龄前儿童行为因子得分的重要因素(P<0.05)。结论深圳劳务工学龄前子女的行为发生率明显高于全国儿童平均水平,儿童行为问题是多因素综合作用的结果,应采取综合措施提高劳务工子女的心理健康水平。     

通州市农村1722例学前儿童行为问题调查

采用Achenback's 儿童行为量表中国标准化版和自行设计的家庭环境调查问卷,对通州市18个乡(镇)1 722名4～6周岁儿童的行为问题进行了调查和单因素分析。其结果显示,儿童行为问题检出率为9.8%,父母教育方式、母亲孕期精神刺激、家庭形式对儿童行为有显著影响。     

小学生行为问题与家庭环境影响因素分析

目的 探讨家庭环境因素对小学生行为问题的影响,为寻求干预措施提供理论依据.方法 采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(家长用表,CBCL),家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)对两所小学480位学生家长进行调查,采用单因素分析和Logistic逐步回归进行影响因素探索.结果 儿童行为问题检出率为8.1％.母亲学历、家庭类型、经济收入、6岁前家庭环境变迁次数对儿童行为问题的发生有显著影响.亲密性、娱乐性、组织性、控制性得分越高,矛盾性得分越低的家庭,男女生行为问题越少.知识性得分越高,女生行为问题越少.矛盾性是男生行为问题发生的危险因素(OR=1.371),亲密性是女生行为问题发生的保护因素(OR=0.668),控制性是女生行为问题发生的危险因素(OR=1.344).结论 家庭环境因素对小学生行为问题的发生有显著影响.     

家庭因素与儿童青少年攻击行为关系探讨

目的 探讨与儿童青少年攻击行为明显相关的家庭因素，为预防儿童青少年攻击行为的发生提供理论依据。方法 采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）、家庭环境量表中文版（FES-CV）对湖北省5个地区4010名中小学生进行调查。结果 母亲文化程度、父母职业、家庭类型、父母对孩子的教育态度、管教方式与儿童青少年攻击行为的发生有显著关系；多因素logistic回归分析显示：儿童青少年攻击行为的主要危险因素为父母教育态度不一致，孩子与同学、邻居关系不好，家庭矛盾性评分高。结论 家庭因素主要通过父母管教方式、家庭环境质量对儿童青少年攻击行为产生影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.