饮用水中亚硝酸盐气相色谱测定法

目的：建立一种气相色谱测定亚硝酸盐的方法。方法：采用顶空法进样技术，用气相色谱进行定量测定。结果：本方法的最低检出限为0．0131μg，若取样100ml，则最低检出浓度为0．437μg／L，线性范围0～400μg。相关系数r=0.9991，回归方程=2．78X 0．074。结论：该方法操作简便，抗干扰能力强，线性范围宽，检出限低，适用于饮用水特别是桶装饮用水的测定，是一个较为理想的检测方法。     

气相色谱法测定食品中亚硝酸盐

目的建立一种气相色谱测定食品中亚硝酸盐的方法。方法采用顶空法进样技术,用气相色谱进行定量测定。结果本方法的最低检出限为0.86μg,若取样5g,则最低检出浓度为0.43mg/kg,线性范围1.2μg-1200μg。相关系数r=0.999 7,回归方程y=0.123x+1.15。结论该方法操作简便,抗干扰能力强,线性范围宽,检测限低,可用于肉制食品的测定,是一个较为理想的检测方法。     

气相色谱法测定食品中亚硝酸盐

目的建立一种气相色谱测定食品中亚硝酸盐的方法。方法采用顶空法进样技术,用气相色谱进行定量测定。结果本方法的最低检出限为0.86μg,若取样5 g,则最低检出浓度为0.43 mg/kg,线性范围1.2μg-1200μg。相关系数r=0.999 7,回归方程y=0.123 x+1.15。结论该方法操作简便,抗干扰能力强,线性范围宽,检测限低,可用于肉制食品的测定,是一个较为理想的检测方法。     

空气中氰化物气相色谱测定法

目的建立一种气相色谱测定空气中氰化物的方法。方法采用衍生化顶空进样技术，用气相色谱进行定量测定。结果该方法的最低检出限为0．028μg，若取样3L，则最低检出浓度为0．009mg／m^3，线性范围0．1-6．0μg。相关系数r=0．9997，回归方程Y=71．5 X＋9．68。结论该方法操作简便，抗干扰能力强，线性范围宽，检测限低，适用空气中氰化物的测定，是一个较为理想的检测方法。     

水样中亚硝酸盐的高效液相色谱测定法

目的：建立水样中亚硝酸盐的高效液相色谱分析方法。方法：用间接紫外－高效液相色谱法测定水样中痕量亚硝酸盐，以甲醇－0．10mol/L邻苯二甲酸（用0．10mol/L氢氧化钠调pH=8.6)5 95为流动相，采用ODP色谱柱，水样直接过滤处理法。结果：测定波长270nm，流量0．9ml/min，测定亚硝酸盐的线性范围为0．0－20．0μg/ml，精密度为3．9％，平均回收率为99．9％，检测限为0．001μg/ml，结论：本法可用于生活饮用水，纯净水及矿泉水中微量亚硝酸盐的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定食品中苏丹红1、2、3、4的方法研究

目的：高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中苏丹红1、2、3、4。方法：色谱柱为C18柱，以0．1％醋酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱，流速1．0mL／min，紫外-可见光二级管阵列检测器。结果：该方法苏丹红的线性范围均为0．5～20μg／ml，相关系数均为0．999以上(n=5)；最低检出限为0．02μg／ml；回收率均为97．6％～104％。结论：该方法操作简便，是食品中苏丹红的快速而准确的检测方法。     

高脂糕点中富马酸二甲酯的气相色谱测定

目的：建立高脂肪糕点中富马酸二甲酯（DMF）的气相色谱检测方法。方法：利用脂肪与DMF在乙腈和正己烷中溶解度的不同，用乙腈提取糕点中的DMF，经正己烷脱脂，注入气相色谱仪经OV-1701毛细管色谱柱分离后FID检测器测定。结果：本法的最低检出浓度0．4μg/ml，线性范围4～250μg／ml，r=0．9999，RSD为1．17％-3．27％，回收率为92．5％～95．1％。结论：该法可简单地分离脂肪和DMF，操作简便、快速，测定灵敏度高，结果满意．     

高效液相色谱法测定空气中苯胺和N-甲基苯胺的研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定空气中苯胺、N-甲基苯胺的检测方法。方法应用高效液相色谱，C18通用色谱柱，以甲醇为流动相，流速0．7ml／min，紫外检测器在240nm波长下测定吸收值。，结果苯胺线性范围0．00～1000μg／ml，回归方程：Y=0．000936x＋0．6769，相关系数r=0．9999，最低检出浓度1．0μg／ml，空气中最低检出浓度0．22μg／m^3，在250、25、2．5μg/ml浓度下测得平均回收率分别为：99．2％、100．5％、104．4％，相对标准偏差RSD分别为0．23％、0．42％、3．25％；N-甲基苯胺线性范围0．00～1000μg／ml，回归方程：Y=0．00124x＋0．02，相关系数r=0．9999，最低检出浓度0．4μg／ml，空气中最低检出浓度0．09μg／m^3，在250、25、2．5μg／ml浓度下测得平均回收率分别为：99．7％、101．6％、102．0％，相对标准偏差RSD分别为0．27％、0．23％、3．65％。结论分析时间短，相关性好，精密度高，准确度好。特异性强，该法线性范围宽。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中三甲苯

目的：建立一种操作简便、快速、准确性好、灵敏度高的工作场所空气中三甲苯的气相色谱测定方法。方法：样品用活性碳管采集，解吸后用气相色谱法经聚乙二醇6000：6201红色担体=5：1色谱柱分离测定。以保留时间定性，峰高或峰面积定量。结果：线性范围在0-0．8755μg／ml内，相关系数r=0．9995，解吸效率为88．98％-91．40％，相对标准偏差（RSD）日内为1．54％，日间为2．38％，最低检出量为1．75ng，最低检出浓度为0．12mg／m^3。结论：该方法可简便、快速、准确地测定工作场所空气中三甲苯含量。     

气相色谱测定食品中富马酸二甲酯方法研究

目的建立食品中富马酸二甲酯（DNF）的毛细管气相色谱测定的方法。方法样品通过溶剂溶解、超声提取、离心、浓缩、定容后用毛细管气相色谱（FID）检测。结果方法的最低检出浓度为0．4g/ml,线性范围为10—200mg／ml;相关系数r=0．9999;相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．01％-1．64％;回收率为91．07％～94．7％。结论该方法操作简便快速,回收率高,精密度好,可应用于食品中DMF含量的检定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.