上海市普陀区1277名居民食物摄人频率及其影响因素

[目的]了解上海市普陀区居民食物摄入频率现状和膳食结构模式,为今后开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。[方法]选用2007年上海市普陀区居民营养与健康状况的调查资料,运用食物摄入频率法调查1277名15岁及以上居民,对每位调查对象过去1年的各类食物摄入频率和摄入量进行询问并记录。采用评分方法评价该区居民的膳食质量,采用多元线性回归分析方法筛选食物摄入频率的相关影响因素。[结果]普陀区居民谷类、蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类摄入频率较高,得分均在3分以上,畜禽肉类、蛋类、豆类和奶类次之。但蔬菜、水果以及奶类的摄入量与国家推荐标准相比仍有较大差距,居民的膳食结构仍不太合理。影响居民食物摄入频率的主要影响因素是经济状况（P=0．00）、文化程度（P〈0．05）、性别（P=0．00）和职业（P〈0．05）。[结论]目前普陀区居民的膳食状况以蔬菜、水果和奶类的摄入不足为主要问题,应加强营养知识的宣传教育,引导合理膳食。     

产褥期饮食习惯、影响因素与健康关系的研究

目的了解农村妇女产褥期饮食习惯的现状、影响因素及其与健康的关系,探讨现代妇女科学的产褥期饮食方式和保健模式。方法以回顾性问卷调查的形式入户调查。结果产褥期存在着多种饮食禁忌及膳食结构不合理现象(鸡蛋、红糖的摄入量过多,而奶类、水果、内脏的摄入量不足)。禁忌的原因主要为传统习惯。产褥期疾病的保护因素包括:奶类、水果、蔬菜、内脏、豆类的摄入量及经济、文化等。危险因素包括父母和公婆的饮食观点、食物禁忌等。结论应在农村广泛开展健康教育,纠正错误的传统习俗和观念,加强营养方面的科学指导,形成现代妇女科学的产褥期饮食习惯,促进妇女健康。     

壶关县农村居民高血压患病及膳食摄入与其关系的非条件Logistic分析

[目的]探讨农村居民食物摄入水平与高血压的关系,对农村居民开展高血压的膳食防治提供参考依据。[方法]2006年7月,对壶关县石河末村25岁以上农村常住居民进行食物频率调查和血压测量,并对食物摄人量与高血压患病关系进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]调查1256人,高血压患病率为23．96％。高血压患病率,男性为26．10％,女性为21．92％（P〉0．05）;男性与女性均为≥45岁高于〈45岁（P〈0．01）;〈45岁男性高于女性（P〈0．05）,≥45岁男性与女性的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。非条件Logistic回归分析结果,进入回归模型的食物因素有腌制蔬菜摄入量（OR=1．28）、油脂类食物摄入量（OR=1．06）、新鲜蔬菜水果摄入量（OR=0．72）。[结论]石河末村25岁以上农村常住居民高血压患病率处于一般水平。腌制蔬菜、油脂类食物摄入量多是高血压的危险因素,新鲜蔬菜水果摄入量多是高血压的保护因素。     

福州市哺乳期妇女膳食营养调查研究

摘要:目的　了解福州乳母的膳食营养状况,为相关健康指导及策略的实施提供基线资料。方法　采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取福州市的仓山区,随机抽取3个街道,每街道抽取两岁以下儿童的母亲80名,共240名,对其进行膳食问卷调查。统计分析各类食物的平均摄入量,三大产能营养素日均摄入量以及部分微量元素的日均摄入量,并与标准的RNI/AI值进行比较。结果　产褥期妇女粮谷薯类、蔬菜和水果的摄入量低于本地非产褥期乳母及中山产褥期妇女,而豆类、坚果和乳类的摄入量高于本地非产褥期乳母及中山产褥期妇女,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。产褥期妇女能量、蛋白质、脂肪、胆固醇的摄入高于非产褥期乳母,而碳水化合物、膳食纤维、摄入量低于非产褥期乳母,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。产褥期妇女的钙、维生素A、维生素B6、叶酸及维生素C摄入量低于非产褥期乳母,而锌、维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酸及维生素E的摄入高于非产褥期乳母,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　福州市仓山地区哺乳期妇女膳食结构有待改善。     

幼儿园儿童生长发育指标Z评分的膳食影响因素分析

目的:通过对幼儿园儿童进行膳食调查和体格检查,了解幼儿园儿童膳食营养状况,初步探讨儿童生长发育指标Z评分的膳食影响因素,为合理的膳食营养指导提供科学依据。方法:采用双份饭菜法收集儿童24h内膳食情况,根据食物成分表计算儿童24h内各种类别膳食的摄入量水平,采用Z评分法对其营养状况进行评价。结果:除奶类和食用油外,北京和西安幼儿园儿童在摄入粮谷类、鱼肉禽、蛋类、豆制品、蔬菜、水果、饮料、食盐等方面差异有统计学意义(P0.05),北京幼儿园儿童膳食中摄入了较多的鱼肉禽、蛋类、蔬菜、水果和饮料,西安幼儿园儿童摄入了较多的粮谷类食品、豆制品和食盐。多因素分析显示,儿童生长发育Z评分的膳食影响因素主要有豆制品、奶类和蔬菜类食物,超重儿童膳食中豆制品摄入水平较低,生长迟缓儿童膳食中奶类摄入水平较低,肥胖儿童膳食中蔬菜摄入水平较低。结论:所调查的北京和西安幼儿园儿童的膳食结构存在较大差异,豆制品、奶类和蔬菜食品的摄入量水平可能是幼儿园儿童生长发育的保护因素。     

乳母产褥期膳食调查与影响因素分析

目的:了解福州地区乳母产褥期生活方式、膳食结构及其之间的关系.方法:选取长期(≥1年)生活于福州且符合条件的健康乳母进行乳母生活方式、营养和健康状况调查.结果:共完成完整问卷113份,乳母产褥期禽畜肉类和蛋类平均每日摄入量分别达到乳母膳食宝塔参考摄入量的439.5％和350.0％,水果类和蔬菜类仅达到43.3％和25.0％,奶类及奶制品和豆类及豆制品为0.0％.能量平均每日摄入量仅达到乳母RNIs的78.5％,碳水化合物供能比例低(34.3％),蛋白质(27.9％)和脂肪(37.0％)供能比高.钙和VitC平均每日摄入量为乳母RNI或AI比的45.4％和73.8％,无奶类与豆类来源的钙.纯母乳喂养的乳母谷类中铁的摄入量与摄入比例均＜非纯母乳喂养的乳母,有喝茶史的乳母水果类摄入量和营养素中铁、锰、VitC、碳水化合物的摄入量均＞无饮茶史的乳母.结论:乳母产褥期禽肉类和蛋类摄入充足甚至过量,但是蔬菜类、奶类及奶制品和豆类及豆制品摄入量极低,水果类的摄入量不足.总能量摄入不足,三大营养素供能比不合理,乳母膳食结构与社会因素息息相关.     

新疆5个疾病监测点成年居民膳食结构分析

目的分析评价新疆5个监测点成年居民每日的膳食情况。方法使用"2010年新疆慢性病及其危险因素监测"饮食情况部分的数据,分析评价新疆5个疾病监测点3000名18岁以上居民的每日各类食物的摄入情况。结果水产品、蔬菜、水果及奶类均摄入不足,低于中国居民膳食宝塔推荐量。女性蔬菜水果摄入较男性高。18~29岁组蔬菜、水果和奶类摄入最低。维吾尔族薯类、禽肉类、水产品、蔬菜、奶类及豆类的摄入量最低。农村谷薯类摄入高于城市,畜禽肉类、水产品、蔬菜水果、奶类和豆类的摄入均为城市高于农村。除了蛋类和畜肉类外其他各类食物的摄入量均为和田县最低。蔬菜水果摄入不足率较高,城市均低于农村;食用油每天摄入量为49.56 g,食盐每天摄入量为14.75 g,食用油和食盐过量摄入率较高。结论新疆5个监测点膳食结构不合理,需开展营养宣传教育活动,指导居民合理营养,平衡膳食。     

广州城郊妇女产褥期饮食行为及其影响因素分析

目的:了解广州城郊妇女在产褥期的饮食行为状况并分析其影响因素。方法:采用分层抽样和整群抽样相结合的方法,抽取广州市城区和郊区经历过产褥期的妇女共2 040例作为研究对象,逐一进行回顾性问卷调查,回收有效问卷2 013份。结果:产褥期存在多种传统的饮食禁忌及膳食结构不合理现象,鸡蛋每日摄入超过150 g者占31.7%,肉禽类摄入超过300 g达到56.0%;大多数妇女产褥期完全不摄入虾蟹、坚果、大豆及豆制品(分别占84.7%、73.1%和62.8%),而不食用奶类和水果分别占40.0%和30.4%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,妇女产褥期传统的饮食观念是影响虾蟹类、水果类食物摄取的主要负面因素;妇女及其丈夫的文化程度高、接受过营养指导、知晓相关的营养知识是以上各类食物摄取的主要促进因素;另外,虾蟹类、奶类、大豆及其制品的摄取还受地域影响。结论:广州妇女产褥期饮食仍然存在一些值得注意的问题,建议有针对性的对产妇及其家人开展营养保健知识宣教活动。     

上海市松江区居民食物摄入频率研究

目的了解上海市松江区居民食物摄入频率现状和膳食结构模式,为今后有针对性地开展营养教育和促进工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,在上海市松江区抽取424名居民作为研究对象,运用半定量食物频率法调查15岁及以上居民,用入户调查的方法对研究对象调查近3个月的各类食物摄入频率和摄入量。采用评分方法评价该区居民的膳食质量,采用多因素logistic回归分析方法筛选食物摄入频率的相关影响因素。结果松江区居民膳食结构欠合理,谷类、蔬菜类、鱼虾类、畜禽肉类摄入频率较高,得分均在3.5分以上,水果类、豆类、蛋类和奶类次之,蔬菜、水果以及奶类的摄入量与中国居民膳食宝塔推荐量相比仍有较大差距。影响居民食物摄入频率的主要影响因素是文化程度、性别、职业和收入水平。结论目前松江区居民的膳食存在着蔬菜、水果和奶类摄入不足的问题,应针对不同人群开展营养宣教,以建立居民合理营养的健康观念。     

十堰地区农村汉族和土家族孕妇膳食状况调查

目的 调查和比较十堰地区农村汉族和土家族孕妇的膳食状况.方法 抽取214名农村孕妇,用自设计食物频率问卷调查其膳食状况并作比较.结果214名农村孕妇摄入食物种类较全面,但水产类、奶类和水果类的摄入低于推荐摄入量;优质蛋白摄入量占总蛋白质摄入的45％左右,动物性来源的铁比例较低;维生素A、叶酸、钙、铁和锌摄入严重不足,汉族孕妇脂肪、尼克酸和锌的摄入量高于土家族孕妇,而钙摄入量低于土家族孕妇.(P＜0.05).结论 本地区农村孕妇部分营养素摄入不足,应当积极开展营养教育,增加奶类、豆类、水产品等动物性食品的摄入.     

巴彦淖尔市城区产褥期妇女膳食状况调查

目的:调查分析巴彦淖尔市城区产褥期妇女的膳食状况。方法:采用随机整群抽样方式,抽取巴彦淖尔市城区1周岁以内儿童的母亲共482名作为研究对象,采用自行设计的产褥期调查问卷进行逐一入户问卷调查。结果:共回收有效问卷468份。468名产褥期妇女以顺产为主(57.5%);饮食主要由妈妈提供(63.5%);鱼虾禽畜肉油脂类摄入过多,蔬菜水果奶制品类摄入过少;蛋白质、胆固醇摄入过多(分别为理想摄入量的118.3%、441.3%),维生素C、膳食纤维摄入过少(分别为目标值的16.6%、27.0%);摄入奶制品在产妇年龄和营养保健知识来源中有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:巴彦淖尔市城区产褥期妇女膳食结构不合理,动物性食物摄入过多,植物性食物摄入过少,部分营养素摄入不足,应适当调整膳食结构,以保证产褥期妇女的营养均衡。     

Dietary patterns among postpartum women treated at a municipal health center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This study aimed to longitudinally compare nutrient and food intakes by 276 lactating women. Dietary intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Data analysis used the Student-t and ANOVA tests, comparing quantitative and qualitative dietary variation from pregnancy to postpartum. Mean daily energy intake was 2,889 kcal for pregnant and 2,081 kcal for lactating women. Macronutrient dietary distributions were within internationally recommended standards. Compared to pregnancy, there was a decrease in most nutrients and foods ingested during postpartum. Dietary changes increased the density of proteins, fat, iron, rice, beans, chicken, and beef (p < 0.02) and decreased the density of carbohydrate, cereals, fruits, and milk and dairy products (p < 0.001). The results indicate a need for dietary guidelines for women, particularly during the postpartum period.     

武汉市地铁工作人员营养与饮食行为分析

目的 调查武汉市地铁工作人员营养与饮食行为状况,分析饮食行为影响因素。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方式对武汉市地铁集团402名员工进行问卷调查,收集基本信息、膳食摄入及日常饮食行为情况,运用秩和检验、χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析对营养状况和饮食行为及其影响因素进行评价。结果 地铁工作人员日均蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类、奶及奶制品和水摄入量低于推荐量;畜禽肉类摄入量高于建议量;三班制和四班制员工的蔬菜摄入量低于不轮班和两班制员工（P＜0.05）。不经常吃早餐的比例,客运值班员和行车值班员高于行政管理人员（χ2 = 19.307,P＜0.05）,三班制和四班制高于不轮班（χ2 = 20.513,P＜0.05）。点外卖的比例,女性高于男性（χ2 = 10.195,P＜0.05）,客运值班员和行车值班员高于电动客车司机和行政管理人员（χ2 = 31.061,P＜0.05）,三班制和四班制高于不轮班（χ2 = 19.735,P＜0.05）。51.3%的员工吃饭过快。多因素logistic分析显示,男性（OR = 0.595,95%CI:0.357～0.990）、非行政管理人员工种（客运值班员:OR = 0.169,95%CI:0.036～0.794; 行车值班员:OR = 0.095,95%CI:0.020～0.452; 电动客车司机:OR = 0.107,95%CI:0.022～0.527）与健康饮食行为呈负相关,年龄小（20～25岁:OR = 4.568,95%CI:1.784～11.694;＞25～30岁:OR = 3.553,95%CI:1.528～8.261）与健康饮食行为呈正相关。结论 武汉市地铁工作人员存在某些食物种类摄入不合理情况,性别、年龄和工种是健康饮食行为的影响因素。     

母亲产褥期膳食摄入与婴儿湿疹的关联

  目的  探讨母乳喂养的母亲产褥期各大类食物摄入与婴儿湿疹发生风险的关系。  方法  基于广州市一项队列研究,在孕中期招募孕妇,于产后6~8周进行面对面随访。针对母乳喂养的母亲,由训练有素的调查员采用信效度良好的食物频率问卷调查其产后一个月的膳食摄入情况,并收集婴儿湿疹发病情况。根据2016年中国居民膳食指南划分食物类别,计算各大类食物摄入量,采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析母亲产褥期膳食与婴儿湿疹的关系。  结果  共纳入468对母子,产后6~8周湿疹累计发病率为47.44%。湿疹组母亲与非湿疹组母亲的谷薯类、蔬菜、水果、红肉、禽肉、鱼类、蛋、奶制品、大豆以及坚果摄入量差异无统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,母亲产褥期鱼类摄入每增加一个标准差,婴儿湿疹的发病风险增加26.4%(OR=1.264, 95% CI: 1.015~1.574, P=0.037)。其中淡水鱼摄入每增加一个标准差,婴儿湿疹发生风险增加27.2%(OR=1.272, 95% CI: 1.019~1.588, P=0.034),未发现深海鱼摄入与婴儿湿疹发生有关。  结论  母亲产褥期较高的淡水鱼类摄入与婴儿湿疹发生风险增高有关。     

Old and alone: barriers to healthy eating in older men living on their own

Ageing is associated with reduced energy intake and loss of appetite. Older men tend to have poorer dietary intakes including consumption of fewer fruits and vegetables in comparison to older women. Living and eating alone further diminishes food consumption and dietary quality. The aim of the present study was to explore food choice and energy intake in older men living alone using both quantitative and qualitative methods. 39 older men were interviewed and completed questionnaires on health, food choice, dietary patterns and appetite. Few men managed to consume recommended levels of energy, essential trace elements or vitamins A and D. Age and BMI failed to predict patterns of intake, but men with good cooking skills reported better physical health and higher intake of vegetables. However, cooking skills were negatively correlated with energy intake. Men who managed to consume at least 4 portions of fruits and vegetables each day had significantly higher vitamin C levels, a greater percentage of energy as protein and generally more adequate diets. Interviews revealed that poor cooking skills and low motivation to change eating habits may constitute barriers to improving energy intake, healthy eating and appetite in older men (193).     

蔬菜、水果及大豆食物对高血脂病人血脂的影响

目的探讨蔬菜、水果及大豆食物对高血脂病人的总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)变化的影响。方法420名佛山市顺德区患高血脂的社区居民(男166,女254),25～88岁,基线检查后的0.5～1年(平均9.5月)内接受了随访问卷调查,内容包括血脂检查、随访期间内的膳食习惯、体力活动及其它健康相关因素等。结果在校正相关混杂因素后,协方差分析显示:蔬菜、水果和大豆食物(以蛋白质计)摄入量与血胆固醇的改善呈极显著的剂量-效应关系(P<0.001=,其日均摄入量分别从77.9,5.08和0g升至560,157和1.12g时,血清TC的降幅分别相当于其基线值的13.5%,12.0%和14.5%(P<0.001)。单因素分析结果组间差异更显著,其降幅介于22%～25%。豆类与TG呈类似的联系,其降幅为17.4%(P<0.05)。蔬菜水果与TG之间的关联无统计学意义。上述食物与胆固醇的联系在男女亚组相近,但大豆食物对TG的改善作用在男性明显优于女性。结论增加蔬菜、水果和大豆食物的摄入量可显著改善高血脂病人血脂(尤其是胆固醇)状况。     

Hypertension-related dietary patterns of rural older adults

Background. Prevalence of hypertension is greater in older adults, and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy—good sources of potassium, calcium, and magnesium—can reduce blood pressure. This study examined the hypertension-related dietary patterns of older adults.Methods. A cohort of 180 Pennsylvania adults (aged ≥65), 90 with hypertension, were randomly selected from the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS). Data were collected by trained interviewers at a home visit. Dietary assessment used five 24-h recalls. We compared the characteristics and dietary intake of people with hypertension to those without hypertension and compared their intakes to current recommendations.Results. Mean intakes of all participants were less than two thirds of the DRI for calcium and magnesium and fell far short of the 3,500 mg of potassium recommended for prevention and treatment of hypertension. Participants with hypertension consumed less sodium than controls. Both groups ate fewer fruits and vegetables than recommended but reached the dairy recommendation. Calcium intake was mainly from high-fat dairy products, beans were the top source of potassium and magnesium.Conclusions. Older adults with hypertension should be guided to choose more low-fat dairy products and other low-fat calcium sources and to increase intakes of beans, dark green leafy vegetables, and other potassium and magnesium sources.     

Comparison of dietary intake of overweight postpartum mothers practicing breastfeeding or formula feeding

Background

Weight gain in the postpartum period is a risk factor for long-term obesity. Investigations of dietary intake among lactating and nonlactating overweight women might identify nutritional concerns specific to this population.

Objective

To compare nutrient, meal, and snack intakes, food-group servings and prevalence of dieting among fully breastfeeding (BF), mixed breast and formula feeding (MF), and formula feeding (FF) overweight and obese women. The second aim was to compare nutrient intakes and food-group servings to the Dietary Reference Intake and MyPyramid recommendations, respectively.

Design

Data were collected from September 2004 through April 2006 in Durham, NC. Infant feeding practices and dietary information were collected on 450 women between 6 and 9 weeks postpartum. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were completed by phone, using Nutrition Data Systems for Research. Analysis of covariance was used to compare infant feeding groups in dietary quality (nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal) and food-group servings, controlling for prepregnancy body mass index, race, age, education, income, and marital status. χ² analysis was performed to determine differences in meal and snack intake and dieting among infant feeding groups.

Results

BF women consumed more energy (2,107±50 kcal) than MF (1,866±56 kcal) or FF (1,657±50 kcal) women (P<0.001). Adjusted nutrient intake did not differ between groups. All groups were at risk for inadequate intakes of vitamins A, E, C, and folate and did not meet recommended servings of all food groups. BF women consumed lunch and snacks more frequently, were less likely to diet, and reported higher intakes of grains and desserts than MF and FF women.

Conclusions

To help increase intakes of nutrients lacking in the diet and prevent postpartum weight gain, overweight women should be encouraged to increase fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains, legumes, and healthy types of fat, while decreasing refined grains, regular soda, sweetened beverages, and desserts.     

Dietary Intake and Associated Body Weight in Canadian Undergraduate Students Enrolled in Nutrition Education

The primary purpose of this study was to describe dietary intakes among Canadian undergraduate students enrolled in an Introductory Nutrition course. A secondary objective was to determine food group servings associated with meeting more Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) of select nutrients and with a lower body mass index (BMI). Participants (n = 124, 20.7±3.2yrs) provided output from a 3-day dietary record and completed a physical activity/demographics questionnaire. Linear regression showed that the dietary intake associated with meeting the most DRIs included vegetables, fruits, protein foods, and dairy (p = 0.001). Protein foods were a positive predictor and fruit a negative predictor of BMI (p = 0.001 and p = 0.023 respectively). Males consumed more grains (p = 0.001), dairy (p = 0.04), protein foods (p < 0.001), empty calories (p = 0.007) and total calories than females (p < 0.001). A diet characterized by greater intake of vegetables, fruits, protein foods, and dairy was associated with a Canadian undergraduate population meeting the greatest number of nutrient requirements.