我国大气可吸入颗粒物污染对人群死亡率的影响

目的 综合相关文献并以暴露-反应关系的形式探讨中国可吸入颗粒物( PM10)污染对人群死亡率的影响.方法 收集符合纳入标准的中国大气颗粒物污染与居民总死亡率、心脑血管疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率关系的文献,共纳入21篇文献.采用Stata9.0软件进行统计分析,提取PM10与人群死亡率的暴露-反应系数,利用固定或随机效应模型合并效应值,并对结果进行敏感性分析、发表偏倚检验与校正.结果 我国大气PM10每上升10 μg/m3,人群每日总死亡率、心脑血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的相对危险度(RR)分别为1.0033(95％ CI:1.0022～1.0044)、1.0045(95％ CI:1.0029 ～1.0062)和1.0056(95％CI:1.0033～1.0079);校正发表偏倚后,人群每日总死亡率、心脑血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的RR值降为1.0012(95％CI:1.0002～1.0022)、1.0011(95％ CI:0.9996～1.0026)和1.0023(95％ CI:1.0001～1.0045).结论 大气中PM10浓度的上升会导致我国人群每日总死亡率、心脑血管疾病死亡率和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的增加.     

大气污染物(SO_2、NO2_)对中国居民健康效应影响的meta分析

目的了解大气污染物(SO_2、NO_2)短期暴露对居民每日总死亡率和心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病死亡率以及门诊、住院率的影响,获取大气污染物SO_2、NO-2对人群健康效应的暴露—反应关系。方法通过计算机联机检索及手工检索的方法收集2000—2015年间公开发表的符合纳入标准的文献36篇,提取暴露-反应系数,采用Stata 12.0软件进行异质性分析、发表偏倚的检验,利用固定效应或随机效应模型合并效应值。结果大气SO_2浓度每升高10μg/m~3,对应的短期内居民每日总死亡率的风险、居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率风险、居民心脑血管疾病死亡率风险、居民呼吸系统疾病门诊、住院率的风险以及居民心脑血管疾病门诊、住院率风险的合并效应值(OR/RR)及95%的置信区间(CI)分别为1.009(1.006~1.011)、1.012(1.009~1.016)、1.007(1.005~1.008)、1.008(1.006~1.01)、1.009(1.005~1.014);大气NO-2浓度每升高10μg/m~3,对应的短期内居民每日总死亡率的风险,居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率风险,居民心脑血管疾病死亡率风险,居民呼吸系统疾病门诊、住院率的风险,居民心脑血管疾病门诊、住院率风险的合并效应值(OR/RR)及95%的置信区间(CI)分别为1.014(1.011~1.016)、1.016(1.012~1.019)、1.014(1.011~1.015)、1.009(1.004~1.013)、1.013(1.009~1.016)。结论大气中SO_2、NO_2浓度的上升会导致居民每日总死亡率和心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病的死亡率以及门诊、住院率风险的增加。     

广州市某区医院呼吸系统疾病门诊人数与大气污染关系的时间序列研究

目的分析大气污染急性暴露对医院每日门诊人数的影响。方法采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制门诊人数的长期趋势、气象因素、星期几效应等混杂因素的基础上,分析广州市某区2009年1月1日—2011年12月31日大气污染与医院每日门诊人数的关系。结果大气污染物PM10-2.5、PM2.5、NO2和SO2日平均浓度每增加10μg/m3,医院呼吸系统疾病日门诊量的相对危险度分别为1.002 5(95%CI:0.998 9~1.018 2),1.003 5(95%CI:1.001 2~1.016 4),1.002 4(95%CI:1.001 6~1.005 6)和1.002 8(95%CI:0.977 8~1.007 8)。结论广州市某区PM2.5和NO2日均浓度的短期升高可能会导致医院每日门诊人数的增加。     

大气颗粒物污染与呼吸系统疾病就诊量的关系研究

目的探讨北京市大气颗粒物短期暴露对人群呼吸系统疾病就诊量的影响。方法收集北京市2013年10月至2015年12月逐日大气污染物资料、气象资料以及某三级综合性医院的呼吸系统疾病就诊资料,采用时间序列数据的Poisson回归模型,分析大气颗粒物日均浓度与呼吸系统疾病每日就诊量之间的关系。结果调整了气象因素、长期趋势、季节趋势、星期几效应、假日效应等因素的影响后,大气PM_(10)浓度每上升10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病急诊量的相对危险度(RR)为1.002 7(95%CI:1.000 8～1.004 6);且女性的RR值略高于男性,分别为1.002 8(95%CI:1.000 4～1.005 1)与1.002 6(95%CI:1.000 4～1.004 9)。结论北京市大气PM_(10)浓度的短期升高可能会导致医院每日呼吸系统疾病急诊量数的增加。     

唐山市空气污染物对某医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量的影响

目的探讨唐山市空气污染对人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量的影响。方法采用广义相加泊松模型的时间序列研究方法,在控制门诊量的长期趋势、星期几效应、气象因素等混杂因素的影响的基础上,分析唐山市2014年1月1日—2016年12月31日大气污染物质量浓度与呼吸系统疾病日门诊量的关系。结果大气PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)及SO_2与呼吸系统疾病门诊量呈正相关,且与一定的滞后效应,并且质量浓度每升高10μg/m~3,呼吸系统疾病日门诊量分别上升0.37%(RR=1.003 7,95%CI:1.001 6～1.005 8)、0.26%(RR=1.002 6,95%CI:1.001 1～1.004 1)、0.70%(RR=1.007 0,95%CI:1.003 5～1.010 5),多污染物模型中,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)及SO_2每升高10μg/m~3,呼吸系统疾病日门诊量分别上升0.07%(RR=1.000 7,95%CI:0.994 0～1.007 5)、0.08%(RR=1.000 8,95%CI:0.996 0～1.005 6)、0.49%(RR=1.004 9,95%CI:1.000 3～1.009 6)。结论唐山市的大气污染物与居民呼吸系统疾病日门诊量之间存在正相关。     

我国大气污染物一氧化碳短期暴露对人群死亡影响的Meta分析

目的分析我国大气污染物一氧化碳短期暴露对人群总死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率的影响。方法通过检索Pubmed、Web of Science、万方、中国知网等数据库,收集我国1990-2018年发表的一氧化碳短期暴露与人群死亡风险的流行病学研究文献,采用Stata11对纳入文献进行Meta分析。结果共收集我国一氧化碳短期暴露与人群死亡风险的文献14篇,Meta分析结果显示,一氧化碳浓度每升高1 mg/m3,人群总死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率各增加3.2%(95%CI:2.0%～4.4%)、4.0%(95%CI:2.8%～5.3%)、3.2%(95%CI:1.6%～4.9%)。结论一氧化碳浓度上升会导致人群总死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率、呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加。     

2015年哈尔滨市某地区空气污染物与呼吸系统疾病门诊量关系的时间序列研究

目的初步探讨哈尔滨市道里区空气主要污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2)对人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量水平的影响。方法采用广义线性模型,在控制长期趋势、气象因素和其他与时间长期变异有关的混杂因素条件下,分析空气主要污染物与人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量的关系。结果 2015年哈尔滨市道里区大气污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2的全年日均质量浓度分别为62.51、95.61、36.97和55.01μg/m~3;哈尔滨市第一医院日均呼吸系统门诊量霾日高于非霾日,且具有统计学意义(P<0.05);大气污染物PM_(2.5)、SO_2水平与呼吸系统门诊量存在暴露—反应关系,滞后效应分析发现PM_(2.5)污染当天,PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量RR值为1.0052(95%CI:1.002 7~1.007 6),SO_2在污染滞后1 d最为显著,SO_2浓度每升高10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量RR值为1.005 1(95%CI:1.002 5~1.007 6)。结论哈尔滨市道里区空气污染物(PM_(2.5)、SO_2)对人群呼吸系统疾病门诊量水平有影响。     

大气PM_(2.5)对呼吸系统疾病死亡率影响的Meta分析

目的探讨大气PM_(2.5)短期效应(7 d)对呼吸系统疾病死亡率的影响。方法以颗粒物、PM_(2.5)、大气污染物、呼吸系统和死亡为关键词检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊数据库、PubMed和Web of Science,纳入研究中国PM_(2.5)与人群呼吸系统疾病死亡率关系的文献,以PM_(2.5)每增加10μg/m~3人群呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加的百分比(ER值)为效应指标,采用Stata 14.0软件进行Meta分析,并按照滞后类型和研究方法进行亚组分析。结果共检索到相关文献1 564篇,最终纳入符合条件的文献17篇,其中中文文献7篇,英文文献10篇。采用随机效应模型对纳入文献进行合并,显示PM_(2.5)每增加10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加0.48%(95%CI:0.35%~0.62%)。亚组分析显示,PM_(2.5)每增加10μg/m~3的单天滞后效应使人群呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加0.53%(95%CI:0.31%~0.74%),I~2值为65%;累积滞后效应为0.35%(95%CI:0.25%~0.45%),I~2值为44%。时间序列研究中,PM_(2.5)每增加10μg/m~3人群呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加0.51%(95%CI:0.34%~0.67%),I~2值为61%;病例交叉研究为0.32%(95%CI:0.15%~0.49%),I~2值为46%。敏感性分析未见明显差异。Egger检验P=0.005,具有发表偏倚。结论PM_(2.5)升高可能会增加人群呼吸系统疾病死亡率。     

银川市大气颗粒物对人群循环系统疾病死亡影响的时间序列分析

目的探讨银川市大气颗粒物污染水平及其对居民循环系统疾病死亡的暴露-反应关系。方法通过收集银川市2013—2015年空气质量监测数据、气象监测数据和居民死亡监测资料,采用广义相加模型,分析银川市大气颗粒物物对与居民循环系统疾病死亡的暴露-反应关系。结果大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)年均浓度均超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准。大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m~3对人群循环系统疾病死亡的超额危险度分别为0.56%(95%CI:0.15%~0.97%),1.33%(95%CI:0.46%~2.21%);大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度对小于65岁组的循环系统疾病死亡的影响无统计学意义(P0.05),对65岁以上年龄组人群循环系统疾病死亡的超额危险度分别在滞后7、5 d时达到最大效应,分别为1.24%(95%CI:0.21%~2.28%)和0.57%(95%CI:0.08%~1.06%);大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度对女性循环系统疾病死亡的超额危险度高于男性。结论研究期间银川市大气颗粒物浓度较高,且对人群循环系统疾病死亡存在一定的暴露-反应关系。     

我国PM2.5污染与儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊量关系的Meta分析

目的 探究我国PM2.5污染与儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊量的暴露反应关系。方法 通过搜集并整理国内外数据库中2010—2020年发表的我国PM2.5浓度变化与儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊量的相关文献,运用Stata 11.0软件进行meta分析。结果 共纳入21篇文献,22组数据。我国PM2.5质量浓度每升高10 μg/m3,儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊量的相对危险度RR为1.003（95%CI:1.003,1.004）,发表偏倚校正后的RR为1.002（95%CI:1.002,1.003）。结论 我国PM2.5污染与儿童呼吸系统疾病的门诊量之间呈正相关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.