卡泊芬净及其杂质的LC-QTOF-MS定性分析

目的 采用LC-QTOF-MS分析醋酸卡泊芬净原料药及其强降解产物的杂质，研究卡泊芬净及其相关杂质(杂质A、B、C、D和E)的质谱特征。方法 采用Waters CORTECS^® C₁₈⁺(4.6 mm×150 mm，2.7 μm)色谱柱，流动相A为0.1%甲酸-水溶液，流动相B为0.1%甲酸-乙腈，流速为0.6 mL·min^-1，梯度洗脱；ESI-QTOF-MS正离子扫描检测。结果 在一级质谱中，除杂质D主要显示单电荷准分子离子峰外，卡泊芬净及其余4个杂质均以多电荷准分子离子峰的响应较高；在二级质谱中，卡泊芬净及其他含乙二胺结构的杂质均会丢失乙二胺及其所连基团产生碎片离子m/z 103 3；卡泊芬净及其相关杂质主要通过肽键的断裂生成一系列碎片离子，也可以通过丢失氨基酸残基中的羟基、酰基或氨基生成碎片离子；杂质A和杂质C分别显示高丰度的特征碎片离子m/z 137.070 8和m/z 77.071 1，可以与卡泊芬净及其他杂质区分。结论 卡泊芬净及其5个杂质均具有明显的质谱特征，研究结果可为卡泊芬净生产过程中可能出现的未知杂质的结构鉴定提供参考，以便及早发现生产工艺中的潜在问题，降低产品质量风险。     

液质联用技术用于醋酸阿托西班注射液中杂质结构鉴定

目的:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q Orbitrap MS)技术对醋酸阿托西班注射液中杂质结构进行鉴定。方法:HPLC法采用Inertsil ODS-2 C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相A为乙腈-甲醇-三氟乙酸溶液(pH 3.2)(15∶10∶75),流动相B为乙腈-甲醇(60∶40),梯度洗脱，流速1.2 mL·min^-1,检测波长220 nm。UPLC-Q Orbitrap MS法采用BEH300 C₁₈色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(B),梯度洗脱，流速0.2 mL·min^-1;采用电喷雾离子源，选择正离子模式进行Full MS/dd-MS²扫描。结果:对5家企业各1批醋酸阿托西班注射液进行了有关物质测定，以面积归一化计算，含量>0.1%的杂质峰个数分别为9、10、13、9和6,总杂含量分别为0.35...     

UPLC-MS/MS测定酒石酸伐尼克兰中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基伐尼克兰

目的 建立酒石酸伐尼克兰原料药和片剂中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基伐尼克兰超高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的检测方法。方法 采用ACQUITY UPLC^? CSH^TM Phenyl-Hexyl(150 mm×3.0 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱;0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A,0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流速为0.45 mL·min^–1,柱温为50℃;采用ESI离子源正离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式下,对基因毒性杂质进行定量检测。结果 杂质在0.10～10.04ng·mL^–1具有良好的线性关系;原料药的低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)分别为103.58%(RSD=3.30%),98.65%(RSD=2.73%),92.00%(RSD=1.98%);片剂的低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)为91.53%(RSD=0.78%),96.76%(RSD=3.12%),93.01%(RSD=2.21%);检测限与定量限分别为0.014 ng·mL^–1<...     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔

目的 建立盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。方法 Waters ACQUITY UPLC CSH^TM C₁₈色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm, 1.7μm),10 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵的水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相A,乙腈溶液(含0.1%甲酸)作为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温为50℃,进样器温度为5℃,进样体积为10μL,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式,对盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中的N-亚硝基普萘洛尔进行定量检测。结果 N-亚硝基普萘洛尔在1～20 ng·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系。低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)在98.4%～103.2%之间,RSD≤2.7%。检测限和定量限分别为0.09 ng·mL^-1和0.3 ng·mL^-1。检出盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片中基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基普萘洛尔含量为1.8μg·g^...     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾检测器测定熊去氧胆酸的有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱-电喷雾检测器法测定熊去氧胆酸中的10个有关物质。方法:采用SHISEIDO Capcell PAK C₁₈ MGII(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸-甲醇-乙腈(30∶45∶25)为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测器温度35℃,采集频率5 Hz,过滤常数3.6 s。采用主成分自身对照法计算已知杂质和其它杂质的含量,并对建立的方法进行方法学验证。结果:熊去氧胆酸与各杂质分离度良好;熊去氧胆酸、杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、杂质E的质量浓度均在1.0～100.0μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,定量限均为1.0μg·mL^-1,检测限均为0.5μg·mL^-1,杂质的平均回收率在99.3%～100.1%,RSD(n=9)不高于2.0%;供试品溶液在10℃条件下放置24 h内稳定;微调液相色谱参数后,对有关物质的检测结果无影响。3批样品有关物质结果显示,杂质A的含量均小于1.0%...     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定盐酸二甲双胍制剂中2种亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质

目的 建立超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)法同时测定盐酸二甲双胍制剂中2种基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基二甲胺(N-nitrosodimethylaminen, NDMA)和N-亚硝基二乙胺(N-nitrosodiethylamine, NDEA)的含量的方法。方法 采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测，离子源为APCI(+),色谱柱为ACE Excel 3 C₁₈-AR柱(100 mm×4.6 mm, 3μm),以体积分数0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-质量分数0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱，流速0.5 mL·min^-1,进样体积5μL。结果 NDMA和NDEA的线性范围分别为0.99～99μg·L^-1(r>0.999 9)和0.53～53μg·L^-1(r>0.999 9),平均回收率为90.9%～98.9%,定量限分别为0.99和0.53μg·L^-1,检测限分别为0.3和0.2μg·L^-1。用建立的方法测定不同剂型的6批样品，2批...     

UPLC-MS/MS测定硫酸庆大霉素原料及滴眼液中的7种基因毒性杂质

目的 采用UPLC-MS/MS快速测定庆大霉素原料及滴眼液中7种基因毒性杂质的含量。方法 采用ODS-3色谱柱(100 mm×3.0 mm, 5μm),流动相A为含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液，流动相B为含0.1%甲酸的水溶液，梯度洗脱，流速0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,正离子(ESI+)模式下单离子检测扫描模式检测。结果 7种基因毒性杂质在实验浓度范围内线性关系良好，回收率结果准确可靠，27批样品中均未检出7种基因毒性杂质。结论 所用方法简便快捷，准确可靠，适合快速检测基因毒性杂质。     

LC-MS法测定塞来昔布中2个苯肼类基因毒性杂质

目的:建立液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)法测定塞来昔布中对肼基苯磺酰胺(SHH)和对甲苯腙基苯磺酰胺(MAP) 2个苯肼类基因毒性杂质。方法:采用Thermo BDS Hypersil C18(100 mm×4.6 mm,2.4μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸水溶液∶甲醇(90∶10)溶液为流动相A,以甲醇为流动相B进行线性梯度洗脱。样品中加入5%二巯基苏糖醇的醋酸铵缓冲液作为稳定剂,在质谱电喷雾正离子化多反应监测模式下,以内标法进行定量测定。结果:SHH和MAP在20~200 ng·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.7%(RSD=6.0%,n=9)和97.6%(RSD=5.1%,n=9)。检测限为10 ng·mL^-1,定量限为20 ng·mL^-1,对照溶液和供试品溶液于4℃进样盘放置4 h内稳定。结论:本实验建立的LC-MS测定法适用于塞来昔布中SHH和MAP 2个苯肼类基因毒性杂质的检测。     

用LC-MS/MS法同时测定大鼠血浆中多黏菌素B和替加环素的浓度

目的 建立大鼠血浆中多黏菌素B和替加环素测定的液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)方法,并研究其在大鼠体内的药代动力学特征。方法 用3%三氯乙酸-甲醇溶液(50∶50)对大鼠血浆进行沉淀蛋白处理。色谱柱：Symmetry C₁₈(150.0 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5μm),流动相：0.1%甲酸水-0.1%甲酸乙腈,流速：0.6 mL·min^-1,柱温：40℃;离子源：电喷雾离子源,正离子检测模式,多反应检测。考察该方法的专属性、标准曲线和定量下限、精密度与回收率、稳定性以及重现性。结果 替加环素的线性范围为25～2 500 ng·mL^-1,定量下限为25 ng·mL^-1,提取回收率为95.89%～107.90%;多黏菌素B_1+1-I的线性范围为82～8 200 ng·mL^-1,定量下限为82 ng·mL^-1,提取回收率为93.84%～97.70%;多黏菌素B₂的线性范围为9～900 ng·mL^-1<...     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定依那普利氢氯噻嗪复方制剂中潜在基因毒性杂质

目的 通过合成基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基氢氯噻嗪(NO-HZCT),建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)测定依那普利氢氯噻嗪制剂中N-亚硝基氢氯噻嗪。方法 参考文献方法合成NO-HZCT,采用高分辨质谱对其相对分子量和结构进行确定;采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈ RRHD(3.0 mm×150 mm, 1.8μm)色谱柱,以10 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸的水溶液作为流动相A,以0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液作为流动相B,梯度洗脱,体积流量0.6 mL·min^-1;采用ESI离子源正离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式下,对NO-HZCT进行定量检测。结果 NO-HZCT质量浓度在0.51～50.67 ng·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.999 7;低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率(n=3)分别为93.10%(RSD 3.7%)、104.30%(RSD 1.0%)和106.48%(RSD 1.8%);检测限和定量限分别为0.08 ng·mL...     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.