直立体位超声检查对亚临床型精索静脉曲张的诊断价值

目的探讨直立体位超声检查对亚临床型精索静脉曲张（SVC）的诊断价值。方法彩色多普勒超声检测35例SVC患者,记录精索静脉在平静呼吸时最大内径及站立位时内径,在彩色多普勒超声引导下测量不同体位下精索内动脉血流峰值速度。结果 35例SVC患者,站立位后精索静脉内经（2.5mm）高于平卧位内径（1.7mm）,差异有显著性统计学意义（P〈0.05）站立位诊断阳性率（95.0%）高于平卧位诊断阳性率（65.0%）,差异有显著性统计学意义（P〈0.05）;精索内动脉血流峰值速度在平卧位与站立位无明显差别（P〉0.05）。结论站立位超声检查亚临床型精索静脉曲张诊断阳性率高于平卧位,对于亚临床型精索静脉曲张患者宜采用站立位检查。     

Doppler超声对精索静脉曲张不育患者生育力的估价

目的　研究Doppler超声对精索静脉曲张不育男性的诊断价值。 方法　本研究采用Doppler超声 ,对 82例精索静脉曲张所致不育患者的精索静脉的管径和血液返流进行了测定 ,同时结合这些患者的阴囊温度、睾丸体积、精液质量进行分析。 82例患者中随机选择了 4 1例进行精索内静脉高位结扎术。结果　 (1)精索静脉的管径与生育力指数呈负相关 ,而与血液返流的Doppler分级呈正相关。 (2 )在手术病人中 ,术前Doppler检测发现精索静脉内有血液返流者其术后效果较无返流者为好。结论　结果提示精索静脉的管径可能反映了精索静脉中血液返流的时间和严重程度 ,并且结合精液分析可估价精索静脉曲张患者生育力损害的程度     

男性不育患者精索静脉曲张的超声诊断研究

目的:探讨高频超声诊断男性不育患者精索静脉曲张(varicocele,VC)的检测指标及其VC导致睾丸体积改变情况。方法:采用高频超声方法对46例正常对照者的精索静脉及178例男性不育患者左侧曲张的精索静脉进行了检测。根据临床及超声检查结果将178例VC患者分为4组,其中亚临床型VC(SVC)组45例,临床型VCⅠ级(VCⅠ)组44例,Ⅱ级(VCⅡ)组48例,Ⅲ级(VCⅢ)组41例。结果:①对照组双侧平静呼吸时精索静脉最大内径(DR)、Valsalva试验时精索静脉最大内径(DV)、最大返流速度(Vmax)、返流持续时间(TR)及睾丸体积差别均无显著性(P>0.05);②VC组与对照组及各级VC组DR、DV、Vmax、TR比较的差别具有显著性(P<0.001);③各VC组左侧睾丸体积小于右侧(P<0.01),VCⅡ、VCⅢ组右侧睾丸体积小于对照组(P<0.05),VCⅢ组左侧睾丸体积小于SVC组(P<0.05)。结论:①高频超声可为男性不育VC患者提供精确的精索静脉内径、血流动力学及睾丸大小等客观指标,有助于男性不育病因的筛选;②单侧VC可引起双侧睾丸体积变小,尤以左侧为甚,亚临床型及临床型VC均可导致患侧睾丸体积缩小,且VC愈严重,睾丸体积愈小。     

彩色多普勒高频超声对精索静脉曲张不育者的诊断价值

目的探讨精索静脉曲张不育症患者彩色多普勒超声的诊断价值。方法用彩色多普勒超声观测38例精索静脉曲张不育患者的精索静脉内径和血液反流持续时间,结合精液质量评估患者的生育能力。结果 (1)患侧精索静脉内径增宽,血液反流。(2)精索静脉的内径与生育力指数呈负相关。结论做为精索静脉血流动力学改变的参数,彩色多普勒超声可提供管腔结构。结合精液检查,有助于评估精索静脉曲张患者的生育力损害程度。     

腹腔镜下精索内静脉Hem-o-Lock夹夹闭术与Palomo术治疗精索静脉曲张的疗效比较

目的:对照研究腹腔镜下精索内静脉Hem-o-Lock夹夹闭术与经腹膜后集束结扎精索血管术(Palomo术)治疗原发性精索静脉曲张的手术疗效。方法:研究对象为原发性精索静脉曲张并行手术治疗的患者80例,依据术式不同分为腹腔镜下精索内静脉Hem-o-Lock夹夹闭术组(H组)42例,Palomo术组(P组)38例。观察指标:手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、肠道功能恢复时间、术后并发症,以及术后半年精子浓度、存活率、畸形率、a+b级精子百分率,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检查精索静脉内径(D值)、返流时间(TR值)和血流速度与内径比值(V/D),临床症状消失率和复发率。结果:手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间H组少于P组(P<0.05),术后肠道功能恢复时间H组大于P组(P<0.05);术后并发症发生率两组无显著性差异(P>0.05);术后半年复查精液质量和彩色多普勒CDFI检查:组内比较术后各指标均较术前有显著改善(P<0.05),组间比较术前术后各值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组术后18个月均无复发。结论:腹腔镜下精索内静脉Hem-o-Lock夹夹闭术和Palomo术均可明显改善精索静脉曲张患者精液质量,缓解并逐步消失其临床症状,但前者具有手术、住院时间更短,术中出血、术后并发症较少,临床疗效好、复发率低等优点,是当前临床治疗精索静脉曲张的优选术式。     

经外环集束结扎法治疗精索静脉曲张16例报告

自１９９７年１０月～１９９８年１０月对１６例Ⅱ～Ⅲ°精索静脉曲张患者行经腹股沟外环保留睾丸动脉集束结扎精索术,疗效可靠,无睾丸萎缩。报告如下。临床资料　本组１６例。年龄１７～３８岁,平均２８岁。病程２～８年。３例以不育就诊,精液常规化验异常;１１例因阴囊左侧胀痛就诊。Ⅱ°曲张１２例,Ⅲ°曲张４例。立位可见左阴囊表面有数条迂曲、隆起的蔓状静脉,平卧后曲张消失或减轻、变软。阴囊彩超探及多条静脉,直径超过０－５ｃｍ,站立时可见明显血液返流。临床诊断：原发性精索静脉　　作者单位：１０２６００北京仁和医院…     

精索静脉曲张所致男性不育的原因

0 引言 一般认为,精索静脉曲张系因精索静脉血回流受阻或瓣膜功能障碍,血液返流,精索静脉内血液淤滞,导致蔓状静脉丛发生不同程度的迂曲扩张。Ambroise Pare(1550)曾描述     

精索静脉曲张的超声诊断研究现状及展望

精索静脉曲张(varicocele,Vc)是指精索内静脉回流受阻或瓣膜失效导致血液返流而使精索蔓状静脉丛迂曲扩张,人群中的发病率为15%～20%,在男性不育患者中有30%～40%的人有Vc,这是引起男性不育的主要原因之一[1].     

精索静脉曲张不育症的诊断和治疗

特发性精索静脉曲张是由于精索静脉瓣膜缺如或功能不全,致血液返流入精索蔓状静脉丛扩张而形成,常为男性不育症原因之一。据统计在美国每6对育龄夫妇中有1对不育,属于男方不育者占50％。又据一组病例统计39％男性是原发性不育,其原因大多为精索静脉曲张所引起。又据统计约有25％男子精液检查有异常,     

不育症亚临床型精索静脉曲张的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨不育症患者亚临床型精索静脉曲张的诊断与治疗。方法;采用彩色多普勒诊断亚临床型精索静脉曲张致不育症３２例。并且２ｍｍ针形腹腔镜行精索静脉高位结扎术。结果：所有患者术后恢复顺利,无伤口感染及睾丸肿胀或萎缩术后复查彩色多普勒示手术彻底,未见术后复发或反流。２１例获和１年随访。１６例患者本偶受孕。结论：彩色多普勒能准确诊断亚临床型精索静脉曲张,针形腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术是治疗此类患者的较好方法     

Challenging the role of cremasteric reflux in the pathogenesis of varicocele using a new venographic approach

PURPOSE: Cremasteric or extrafunicular reflux is considered by many a major cause of primary and recurrent varicocele. Therefore, surgical techniques that allow ligation of the intrafunicular and extrafunicular veins are often performed. We evaluated the incidence of cremasteric reflux in patients with primary or recurrent varicocele with a new and simple venographic technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 73 patients with primary (54) or recurrent (19) varicocele underwent venography of the left iliac vein while standing and performing Valsalva's maneuver to reveal the possible presence of reflux in cremasteric or other extrafunicular veins. In patients with recurrent varicocele antegrade transcrotal spermatic venography was also performed immediately before surgery. RESULTS: None of the patients presented with reflux of contrast material from the left iliac vein to the left pampiniform plexus via the extrafunicular veins. Cremasteric veins, in particular, were always continent at the confluence with the epigastric vein even when grossly dilated at spermatic antegrade venography in recurrent cases. CONCLUSIONS: Cremasteric reflux seems to have a limited role if any in the pathogenesis of primary and even recurrent varicocele. Dilatation of the extrafunicular veins is not necessarily a sign of reflux but may represent only a consequence of venous overflow due to insufficiency of the internal spermatic vein and possibly partial obstruction of the left iliac vein. The rationale of surgical treatments aimed at ligation of the extrafunicular veins should be questioned.     

The complex structure of the smooth muscle layer of spermatic veins and its potential role in the development of varicocele testis

OBJECTIVES: Varicocele, a dilatation of the pampiniform venous plexus, is considered to cause male infertility. The exact mechanism of varicocele development is not clarified yet. This study focused on the structure of varicocele veins, compared with normal spermatic veins, and its potential role in varicocele development. METHODS: Morphologic and immunohistochemical studies using antibodies against vWF and neurofilament-200 (NF-200) were performed on spermatic vein fragments of 20 varicocele patients and 40 normal spermatic cords. Casting preparation of veins was performed on five normal spermatic cords. RESULTS: Casting preparation frequently revealed circular constrictions of normal spermatic vein lumina. Histologic evaluation showed a strong longitudinal smooth muscle layer in the adventitia of large veins in addition to the circularly organised tunica media. Serial sections showed smooth muscle fibres branching from the outer longitudinal into the inner circular layer. Immunostaining for vWF revealed high vascularisation of this outer layer. Interestingly, the number of nerve fibres marked by NF-200 immunostaining was considerably higher in large veins compared to the testicular artery. The longitudinal smooth muscle layer was significantly degraded in the presence of varicocele grades I and II, and did not even exist in varicocele grade III. Correspondingly, the number of vasa vasorum and nerve fibres was reduced in varicocele veins. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show a complex smooth muscle organisation of spermatic veins, which serves the basis for a contractile mechanism, providing an effective blood transport through pampiniform plexus. This mechanism is obviously damaged in the varicocele. Molecular processes behind this impairment remain to be clarified.     

多普勒超声测定精索蔓状静脉管径与生育力的相关性

本文通过40例精索静脉曲张不育症患者的多普勒超声检查,结合睾丸容积、精液分析和性激素测定进行曲张程度和生育力相关分析.结果表明:精索静脉管径与临床分级呈正相关,与睾丸容积和生育力指数呈负相关.我们认为多普勒测定精索静脉管径具有诊断和程度评估价值.亦可能成为推测精索静脉返流存在时间的一种方法.     

Comparison of antioxidant enzyme activity in the internal spermatic vein and brachial veins of patients with infertile varicocele

AIM: Recent studies have shown that both oxidative and reductive stresses are present within the internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele. The aim of this study was to compare the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the internal spermatic vein and brachial vein of patients with varicocele. METHODS: Fifteen primary infertile varicocele patients and ten normal-nonvaricocele-fertile control subjects participated in this study. The patients and subjects were first given a physical and color doppler examination, and then whole blood samples were drawn from the brachial vein and a dilated internal spermatic vein during surgery. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities were assessed by enzymatic methods, and the results were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The activity of SOD in the internal spermatic veins and brachial veins of patients with varicocele was 60.17 +/- 2.15 and 42.10 +/- 1.60 U/g protein, respectively; that of GSH-Px was 5.44 +/- 0.14 and 3.92 +/- 0.14 U/g protein, respectively. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the control group, the activity of SOD in the internal spermatic veins and brachial veins was 43.12 +/- 1.80 and 40.01 +/- 2.10 U/g protein, respectively; that of GSH-Px was 3.35 +/- 0.20 and 3.7 +/- 0.10 U/g protein, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased antioxidant enzyme activity in the internal spermatic vein may be due to increased oxidative stress in the internal spermatic vein: the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity may be a response to offset the toxic actions of reactive oxygen species. Further studies are needed to confirm this suggestion.     

Is selective internal spermatic venography necessary in detecting recurrent varicocele after surgical repair?

OBJECTIVES: Surgical varicocele repair can be complicated by postoperative recurrence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography (SCDU) and selective internal spermatic venography (SISV) in detecting recurrent venous reflux after conventional varicocelectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 men (mean age 30.1 +/- 4.3 years) with a persisting left unilateral varicocele and abnormal semen parameters more than 12 months after conventional varicocele repair were evaluated with physical examination, semen analyses, SCDU and SISV. RESULTS: The median interval between primary varicocelectomy and presentation was 13 (range 12-16) months. Physical examination at that time revealed a grade- I left varicocele in 22 and a grade-II left varicocele in 14 patients. Semen analyses showed oligoasthenozoospermia in 30 patients (83%), asthenozoospermia in 4 (11%) and oligozoospermia in 2 (6%). Although all patients had reflux on SCDU, SISV confirmed reflux in 8 (22%) cases. SISV was not able to document recurrence in 28 cases (78%) that were detected by SCDU. CONCLUSIONS: Considering clinical findings, confirmed with SCDU, and semen parameters as the reference point in the diagnosis of recurrent varicocele, the sensitivity of SISV in the radiological documentation of recurrence was 22%. SISV was unable to document the recurrence in 78% of cases implying that reflux was not through internal spermatic veins. Thus, we conclude that SISV is neither necessary nor sufficient in the evaluation of recurrent varicocele.     

Varicocele complicating spontaneous arteriovenous fistula

We describe herein a rare case of a varicocele complicating spontaneous arteriovenous fistula. A 40‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital in November 2006, complaining of a non‐tender mass in the left scrotum at the age of 15 and thereafter. On examination, his left scrotum revealed a large varicocele, but no manifest superficial thrill was noted. Scrotal ultrasonograpy revealed approximately 7 cm large varicocele. Computed tomography angiography revealed the existence of an arteriovenous fistula between the left testicular artery and the veins of the left pampiniform plexus. We laparoscopically carried out internal spermatic vessels ligation under the diagnosis of a varicocele complicating a spontaneous arteriovenous fistula. The postoperative course was uneventful. At 18 months postoperatively, the varicocele and fistula had not recurred.     

The role of the spermatic cord layers in the development of varicoceles

The theory that insufficiency of the spermatic cord layers could be the etiological factor in the development of varicocele is reviewed critically. A prospective study of 40 patients operated upon for a left indirect inguinal hernia was done. The spermatic cord layers were excised as a routine part of the operation but combined manual and Doppler examinations revealed no postoperative reflux into the pampiniform plexus. We conclude that the spermatic cord layers probably do not have a major role in the pathogenesis of varicocele.     

Intra-testicular varicocele presenting as acute scrotum

The term varicocele describes a dilated, tortuous and elongated pampiniform plexus of veins, which is well known in relation to the spermatic cord. Recently varicocele has also been observed inside the testis, and this new entity is known as intra-testicular varicocele. We present a case of intra-testicular varicocele presenting as acute scrotum and discuss the management issues.     

Ultrasonographic parameters of the spermatic veins at the inguinal and scrotal levels in varicocele diagnosis and post-operative repair

Varicocele has been identified as an important cause of male infertility where its influence on men's reproductive capacity is due to its markedly diverse effects on the testicles. This study aimed to assess the value of ultrasonographic parameters of the spermatic veins at the inguinal and scrotal levels in varicocele diagnosis and post-operative evaluation. Forty-five infertile men associated with varicocele and 15 fertile men were subjected to history taking, genital examination and semen analysis. In addition, inguinal and scrotal ultrasonography was carried out pre-varicocelectomy and 3 months post-varicocelectomy. At both the scrotal or inguinal levels, the mean spermatic vein diameter demonstrated significant post-operative decrease compared with the pre-operative resting condition and on Valsalva' manoeuvre. The mean diameters of the pampiniform plexus of veins also demonstrated significant decreases post-operatively compared with the pre-operative resting condition or on Valsalva' manoeuvre. It is concluded that colour Doppler ultrasound is a reliable and noninvasive method that is useful not only for diagnosis but also for post-varicocele repair follow-up.