亚急性汞中毒大鼠脊髓及背根神经节TNF-α表达与药物干预研究

目的观察亚急性汞中毒大鼠脊髓和背根神经节(DRG)肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。方法雄性SD大鼠40只,体重180～220g,分为7组;对照组(10只)经口灌胃生理盐水(NS),2ml/次,1次/d;A、B、C、D、E、F组(各5只)经口灌胃HgCl2溶液,1次/d。A、B、C组为17mg/kg,D、E、F组为8.5mg/kg。7组均连续灌胃18～22d。染汞组动物出现汞中毒症状后,处死A、D组和对照组各5只大鼠。随后B、E组用二巯丙磺钠注射液(DMPS)按28mg/kg腹腔注射驱汞2个疗程(驱汞3d,休息4d为1个疗程);C组用DMPS+己酮可可碱(按29.22mg/kg经口灌胃,1次/d,共14d);F组腹腔注射NS1ml/次,方法同DMPS。实验结束后处死全部动物,灌注固定后,取出脊髓L5-6节及L5、L6两侧DRG并制成病理切片。用免疫组化SABC法测定DRG和脊髓TNF-α表达水平。结果染毒组大鼠脊髓和DRG内TNF-α平均灰度均显著低于对照组;阳性反应物平均面积均显著高于对照组(P0.05);B、E组用DMPS驱汞2个疗程及F组腹腔注射NS2个周期后均未见TNF-α表达显著减弱,C组(DMPS+已酮可可碱)脊髓和DRG内TNF-α平均灰度显著提高,平均面积减少(P0.05)。结论亚急性HgCl2中毒大鼠脊髓和DRG内TNF-α表达显著增强,SMPS联合已酮可可碱能够有效抵制TNF-α表达。     

汞中毒大鼠脊髓及背根神经节降钙素基因相关肽的表达

目的 观察氯化汞及药物对大鼠脊髓和背根神经节(DRG)降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的影响.方法 40只雄性SD大鼠分为7组.对照组(10只)经口灌胃生理盐水(NS)2 ml/次,每天1次;高Hg、高Hg+二巯丙磺钠注射液(DMPS)、高Hg+DMPS+卡马西平组(各5只)按17 mg/kg经口灌胃HgCl2溶液;低Hg、低Hg+DMPS、低Hg+NS组(各5只)按8.5mg/kg经口灌胃HgCl2溶液,每天1次.7组均连续灌胃18～22d.汞染毒组动物出现汞中毒症状后,处死高Hg和低Hg组大鼠和对照组5只大鼠.随后高Hg+DMPS和低Hg+DMPS组用DMPS按28 mg/kg腹腔注射驱汞2个疗程(驱汞3 d,休息4d为一疗程);高Hg+DMPS+卡马西平组用DMPS+卡马西平(按16.82mg/kg 经口灌胃,每天1次,共14d);低Hg+NS组腹腔注射NS 1 ml/次,方法同DMPS.实验结束后处死全部动物,灌注,固定,取出脊髓L5-6节及L5、L6两侧DRG并制成病理切片.用免疫组化SABC法测定DRG和脊髓CGRP表达水平.结果 汞染毒组大鼠DRG和脊髓CGRP平均灰度均显著低于对照组;阳性反应物平均面积均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);高Hg+DMPS和低Hg+DMPS组用DMPS驱汞两疗程及低Hg+NS组腹腔注射NS两周期后均未见CGRP表达显著减弱,驱汞后,高Hg+DMPS+卡马西平组与高Hg+DMPS组比较,DRG和脊髓CGRP平均灰度显著提高,平均面积减少(P＜0.05).结论 亚急性HgCl2中毒大鼠DRG和脊髓CGRP表达显著增强,卡马西平联合DMPS能够有效抑制CGRP表达.     

胸腰段脊柱骨折后路短节段固定效果对比分析

目的 采用实验流行病学方法,探讨后路短节段固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的远期生物力学形态,分析融合治疗的远期疗效.方法 选取山东大学齐鲁医院2004年2月- 2006年12月79例单节段胸腰段脊柱骨折患者,以手术方式分为非融合组(42例)和融合组(37例)2组分别进行单纯后路短节段固定治疗和后路短节段固定并行植骨融合治疗,分别于术后1周、术后3个月、术后1年及取出内固定术后3个月对比2组患者伤椎前后缘高度及Cobb角度变化情况.结果 术前非融合组和融合组椎体前后缘高度、Cobb角度异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后1周、术后3个月2患者间椎体前后缘高度、Cobb角度差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后1年2患者间椎体前缘高度、Cobb角度及断钉例数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);取出内固定术后3个月,非融合组和融合组患者间椎体前缘高度(83.3±5.3;94.2±3.1)、Cobb角度(9.3±5.8;2.4±3.7)差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 后路短节段固定并植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的远期疗效明显优于单纯后路短节段固定治疗.     

双酚A对高电压激活钙通道亚型电流的影响

目的探讨双酚A对大鼠背根神经节神经元钙离子通道各亚型的影响。方法选择50只健康4~6周龄清洁级SD大鼠,采用Ⅰ型胶原酶(4 mg/L)和Ⅰ型胰蛋白酶(1.5 mg/L)消化法分离背根神经节(DRG)神经元,以L、N、P/Q型钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平(nifedipine,10μmol/L)、乙酸齐考诺肽(ω-conotoxin MVIIA,2μmol/L)、ω-芋螺毒素(ω-contoxin MVIIC,2μmol/L)预孵育神经元20 min,特异性阻断通道电流,记录电流前即时通过灌流系统加入10μmol/L BPA,采用全细胞膜片钳方法记录钙电流。结果双酚A对各亚型通道均有抑制作用,其中,以L型钙通道为主。阻断L型钙通道,10μmol/L BPA对钙电流的抑制率由(53.22±11.00)%降低至(14.02±5.51)%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);BPA使L型钙通道电流密度(p A/p F)峰值由-30.54±3.92减小到-20.7±3.92,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。阻断N、P/Q型钙通道,对钙电流的抑制率由(53.22±11.00)%分别降低至(26.90±12.33)%和(25.66±5.99)%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双酚主要通过抑制L钙通道亚型,抑制钙离子电流。     

肛门直肠及畸形发育胚胎学的研究

[目的]通过采用乙烯硫脲(ETU)诱导孕鼠胎仔肛门直肠畸形,研究胚胎发育过程中肛门内括约肌间神经节细胞及神经丛的数目及形态。[方法]采用Wastar孕鼠16只,随机分为空白对照组及模型组,每组8只,在妊娠的d7、d9、d11.5及d13.5、d14.5、d15、d16由胃管注入125mg/kg的乙烯硫脲(ETU),空白对照组8只Wastar大鼠于d11.5、d13.5、d14、d16,模型组4只Wastar大鼠于11.5d、13.5d、14d、15d、16d进行取材,取胎仔行正中矢状面进行连续切片,取材标本进行HE及PAS染色,观察直肠肛管发育情况及肛门内括约肌肌间神经节细胞及神经丛数的数目。[结果]11d、13d模型组产生的肛门直肠畸形的发生率为75.00%(6/8),模型组肛门直肠畸形胎仔每个视野下肛门内括约肌肌间神经节的细胞数为(1.341±0.024),神经丛数为(0.406±0.029),空白对照组胎仔为(3.156±0.074)、(1.375±0.053),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);其中模型组中正常胎仔的数值分别为(3.087±0.059)、(1.324±0.031),与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。[结论]乙烯硫脲是良好的诱导肛门直肠畸形的致畸剂,肛门内括约肌肌间神经节细胞数及神经丛数的减少是肛门直肠畸形的病理学改变的重要影响因素。     

氯化汞亚急性染毒对大鼠脊髓及脊神经节星形胶质细胞的影响

目的观察氯化汞(HgCl2)对大鼠脊髓及脊神经节星形胶质细胞的影响。方法SD大鼠30只,雌雄各半,体重160～200g。随机分为3组,每组10只。高、低剂量染汞组分别按17.0、8.5mg/kg经口灌胃HgCl2溶液,对照组经口灌胃生理氯化钠溶液2ml/次,均每天1次。3组连续灌胃(20±2)d。染汞组制成亚急性汞中毒模型后,各组均处死5只大鼠,留5只作药物干预实验。两组均用二巯丙磺钠(DMPS)注射液按28mg/kg腹腔注射驱汞2个疗程(驱汞3d,休4d为1个疗程),高剂量组加用己酮可可碱(POF,29.22mg/kg经口灌胃qd×14d)。实验结束后处死全部动物,灌注固定取出脊髓L5-6节及两侧L5、L6脊神经节,制成病理切片,用免疫组化SABC法测定脊髓和脊神经节胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)。结果高、低剂量染汞组脊髓及脊神经节GFAP平均灰度均显著低于对照组;阳性细胞率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。DMPS POF显著降低GFAP阳性细胞率,提高平均灰度值(P<0.05),单纯应用DMPS无此作用。结论亚急性HgCl中毒大鼠脊髓及脊神经节GFAP表达上调,DMPS联合POF可以显著抑制星形胶质细胞激活。     

两种药物对氯化汞染毒大鼠脊髓及背根神经节P物质的影响

目的观察两种药物对氯化汞染毒大鼠脊髓和背根神经节（DRG）P物质（SP）的影响。方法雄性sD大鼠40只，分为7组。对照组（10只）经口灌胃生理盐水（NS）2ml／次，每天1次；A、B、C组（各5只）按17mg／kg；D、E、F组（各5只）按8．5mg／kg经口灌胃HgCl2溶液，每天1次。7组均连续灌胃（20＋2）d。处死A、D组大鼠和对照组5只大鼠，随后B、E组用二巯丙磺钠注射液（DMPS）按28mg／kg腹腔注射驱汞两疗程；C组用DMPS（28mg／kg）＋卡马西平（按16．82mg／kg经口灌胃qd×14d）；F组腹腔注射NS1ml／次。实验结束后处死全部动物，灌注固定取出脊髓L5-6节及L5、L6两侧DRG并制成病理切片。用免疫组化SABC法测定DRG和脊髓SP表达水平。结果染汞组大鼠DRG和脊髓SP平均灰度均显著低于对照组；平均面积均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）；B、E组用DMPS驱汞两疗程及F组腹腔注射NS两周期后均未见SP表达显著减弱，C组用DMPS＋卡马西平显著降低DRG和脊髓SP平均面积，提高平均灰度（P〈0．05）。结论亚急性氯化汞染毒大鼠DRG和脊髓SP水平显著增高，卡马西平联合DMPS能够有效抑制SP表达。     

不同剂量布比卡因脊-硬联合麻醉在老年人泌尿系统疾病的临床研究

目的探讨不同剂量布比卡因脊-硬联合麻醉在老年人泌尿系统疾病的临床效果。方法研究对象为2009年7月～2010年7月某院收治的56例老年人泌尿外科手术病人,随机分为小剂量(3g/L)布比卡因组及大剂量(5g/L)布比卡因组,每组28例,实施布比卡因脊-硬联合麻醉,比较分析两组麻醉效果(麻醉阻滞范围、镇痛持续时间、运动神经恢复时间)及平均动脉压。结果小剂量组麻醉阻滞范围为(7.51±1.26)个节段,显著少于大剂量组的(9.22±1.54)个节段(P﹤0.05);小剂量组镇痛持续时间为(139.72±12.65)min,与大剂量组(141.93±11.82)min相比,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);小剂量组运动神经恢复时间为(74.89±13.32)min,显著早于大剂量组的(121.94±12.87)min(P﹤0.05)。麻醉前两组平均动脉压差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);麻醉后5min、15min、30min小剂量组均无显著改变(P﹥0.05),大剂量组5min、15min、30min平均动脉压均显著下降(P﹤0.05),且与小剂量组相比每个时间差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论 3g/L布比卡因脊-硬联合麻醉应用于老年人泌尿系统疾病手术中,麻醉效果好,对血压影响较小,运动神经恢复较快,可谓此类患者理想的麻醉手段。     

气导听觉剥夺大鼠螺旋神经节NSE表达及凋亡

目的 观察发育期气导听觉剥夺大鼠螺旋神经节神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)表达及细胞凋亡变化.方法 60只新生SD大鼠随机分为听觉剥夺组和对照组,每组30只,听觉剥夺组于出生后早期行外耳道隔离,饲养于密闭隔音室,对照组正常食水、声音环境饲养;42 d后进行听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)检测,耳蜗切片进行螺旋神经节NSE染色神经元计数及细胞染色观察.结果 听觉剥夺组大鼠ABR反应阈值[(38.18 ±5.54)dB SPL]较对照组[(26.67±3.89) dB SPL]增高(P＜0.01);NSE免疫组化染色神经元着色浅淡,神经纤维着色基本正常;听觉剥夺组大鼠神经元计数[(7.883 ±0.987)个/视野]较对照组[(10.643±1.104)个/视野]减少(P＜0.05);听觉剥夺组大鼠螺旋神经节可见散在凋亡细胞.结论 发育期气导听觉剥夺可造成大鼠螺旋神经节Ⅰ型NSE表达下降,神经元数量减少,出现细胞凋亡.     

自拟控颤汤对帕金森病大鼠旋转行为学影响的实验研究

目的观察应用自拟控颤汤后帕金森病(Pakinson disease,PD)大鼠旋转行为的变化,以证实自拟控颤汤对PD的治疗效果。方法于2014年6月—2015年3月利用立体定向仪向SD大鼠黑质内注射6-羟基多巴胺成功复制PD大鼠模型,分为模型组、多巴丝肼治疗组(西药组)和自拟控颤汤治疗组(中药组)各10只,对照组8只(未造模),给药后第14天和第28天进行旋转行为学测试,计量资料采用t检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果模型组大鼠治疗前、第14天和第28天旋转行为平均转速分别为(12.28±1.79)、(11.98±1.74)、(12.07±1.68)转/min,西药组大鼠平均转速分别为(12.36±1.64)、(8.35±1.43)、(6.79±1.37)转/min,中药组分别为(11.69±1.59)、(10.12±1.57)、(8.65±1.39)转/min,自拟控颤中药组和西药组PD大鼠治疗后第14天和第28天均较治疗前旋转次数有所减少,同时治疗后较模型组减少,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),而模型组治疗前后则无变化。结论自拟控颤汤能改善PD大鼠旋转行为,验证了自拟控颤汤对PD的临床治疗效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.