临床药师参与多部位感染患者的抗菌治疗

摘 要 目的： 探讨临床药师在参与多部位感染患者的抗菌治疗过程中发挥的重要作用。方法: 通过临床药师参与多部位感染患者的抗菌治疗过程（早期经验性抗感染治疗及目标性治疗）,分析、评价临床药师在其中发挥的重要作用。结果: 临床药师的有效参与,能够协助医生更好地制定临床治疗策略,在临床治疗过程中及时、有效地进行抗感染治疗。结论:临床药师参与多部位感染患者的抗菌治疗,在危重患者的抗感染治疗策略的制定中发挥了重要作用。     

临床药师参与1例难治性颅内感染患者的治疗实践

摘 要 目的：探讨临床药师在重症感染患者中的作用。方法: 以临床药师参与神经外科1例颅脑术后并发颅内感染患者的会诊工作为例,临床药师结合患者的病情,细菌学培养药敏结果,为患者制定最佳的个体治疗方案,先后给予注射用头孢酮钠/舒巴坦钠、注射用美罗培南、注射用盐酸万古霉素和安宫牛黄丸等药物抗感染治疗。结果: 患者颅内感染情况逐渐好转,最后得到了有效控制。结论:临床药师利用自身的专业知识,积极参与重症感染患者的临床治疗,协助医生制定治疗方案,提高临床治疗效果,使临床药师更好地融入到临床治疗团队中。     

临床药师参与依替米星致重症大疱型药疹治疗方案制定1例分析

目的 探讨临床药师在依替米星致患者重症大疱型药疹治疗过程中的作用。方法 临床药师对产生重症大疱型药疹可疑药物的关联性判断、抗感染方案的制定等方面提供建议,协助临床医师制定治疗方案。结果 医师采纳临床药师建议,治疗过程顺利,患者症状好转出院。结论 临床药师参与患者个体化用药方案的制定,促进了临床合理用药,确保患者用药安全。     

临床药师参与1例浅黄假单胞菌血流感染合并终末期肾病患者的药学实践

目的 探讨临床药师在抗感染药物治疗中发挥的作用。方法 临床药师通过参与1例浅黄假单胞菌血流感染合并终末期肾病患者的药学实践,探讨如何为感染合并肾病患者制定合理的抗感染治疗方案。结果 临床药师积极参与药物治疗,依据指南评价抗感染治疗方案,根据药敏结果和患者既往史,给予合理的抗感染治疗方案的修改建议,最终感染得到有效控制。结论 感染严重影响生活质量。临床药师协助医师选择适宜的抗菌药物、用法用量、正确联合用药,关注药物不良反应,制定个体化给药方案,保障感染合并肾病患者有效并合理应用抗菌药物。     

临床药师参与外科术后耐药菌感染药物治疗的病例分析

摘 要 目的：通过参与外科术后耐药菌感染会诊的案例分析,探讨临床药师在外科抗感染药物治疗中的作用。方法: 临床药师根据指南及掌握的抗菌药物抗菌谱与药动学特点,协助临床医师参与患者术后抗感染方案的制定,开展药学监护。结果: 临床药师参与外科术后耐药菌感染会诊后,3例术后感染患者均获痊愈。结论: 临床药师在外科治疗团队中的药学监护作用不可忽视。     

1例类风湿性关节炎合并重症肺炎患者的药学监护

摘 要 目的：探讨临床药师在临床药物治疗中的药学监护和作用。方法: 临床药师参与1例类风湿性关节炎合并重症肺炎患者的临床药物治疗,从抗感染治疗方案的调整、药物的选择到疗效评估和药物不良反应监护等方面给出合理化建议。结果: 临床药师全程参与该患者的药物治疗,医师采纳临床药师提出的抗感染治疗药物的选择、剂量调整以及药物不良反应处置的建议。结论:临床药师发挥自身专业特长,在药物治疗方案优化调整中起到积极作用,为患者用药安全及临床合理用药提供了保障。     

临床药师在普外科开展药学服务的实例分享及体会

摘 要 目的：总结临床药师在普外科开展药学服务的经验, 探索药师参与临床药物治疗实践模式。方法: 从药物重整、药物不良反应的发现及处置、药物治疗方案的参与制定三方面分享临床药师在普外科参与药物治疗的典型实例并进行分析。结果: 临床药师通过药物重整提高了患者用药的准确性和有效性,通过及时发现肝素引起的血小板减少症并停药避免了患者发生出血不良事件的风险,参与制定抗感染方案使得患者切口感染得到迅速而有效的控制。结论:临床药师深入病区开展“以患者为中心”的药学服务,提高了患者用药安全性及合理性,对提高临床医疗质量具有重要的作用。     

1例急性心肌梗死合并肺部感染患者的药学监护

摘 要 目的： 探讨临床药师在急性心肌梗死患者治疗过程中发挥的作用。方法: 临床药师对1例急性心肌梗死患者实行药学监护,对药物相互作用、药物不良反应等进行分析识别,对抗感染治疗方案提出建议,评估出血倾向与栓塞风险并存时的治疗矛盾,提出合理的处置方案。结果: 在临床药师的参与下,患者接受合理有效的治疗后病情好转出院。结论:临床药师参与临床诊治可提高药物治疗的有效性与安全性。     

临床药师参与1例重症急性胰腺炎患者抗感染治疗的体会

目的 探讨临床药师参与胰腺炎抗感染治疗的方法。方法 通过查阅文献、学习相关指南,临床药师对1例重症急性胰腺炎患者的抗感染治疗提出药学建议,并进行药学监护。结果 药师建议被采纳,患者病情好转出院。结论 临床药师可协助医生,使药物治疗更安全有效,对患者康复有益。     

临床药师参与1例布鲁菌病的治疗体会

摘 要 目的： 探讨临床药师参与布鲁菌感染患者实施药物治疗的方法与思路。方法: 临床药师参与1例布鲁菌感染患者的会诊,针对患者的病情,详细询问患者病史、职业和接触史,调整药物治疗方案,对患者进行用药教育等方面进行综合分析。结果: 临床药师在疾病治疗过程中提出的会诊意见和建议得到了临床认可,对协助医师合理用药发挥了重要的作用,明显提高了药物治疗效果。结论:临床药师参与患者个体化用药,协助临床医生优化抗感染治疗方案,提高患者用药的安全性、有效性。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

基层医院护士在临床合理用药中的作用

目的充分利用护士在医师和患者间的特殊地位和作用,促进基层临床合理用药。方法从护士的工作性质出发,论述护士参与促进合理用药的方便和优势。结果通过实践,护士在促进合理用药中的作用得到有效发挥,基层合理用药环境得到极大改善。结论充分利用护士与医师和患者间的特殊桥梁作用,在基层医院促进合理用药,规范医师用药行为,防止药物滥用,引导患者安全用药,降低药源性疾病。