广州市蟑螂的种群分布与构成变化趋势分析

目的了解广州市城区蟑螂的种群分布及构成变化,为合理灭蟑提供参考。方法采用粘捕法进行监测,晚放晨收,每月监测1次;对捕获的蟑螂进行计数和分类鉴定;对数据进行分析。结果 2004-2012年的监测数据表明广州市城区有蟑螂2科2属5种,其中,主要是德国小蠊、美洲大蠊、澳洲大蠊,占98.48%~100%;德国小蠊在各种环境类型下,渐渐替代美洲大蠊,成为优势种群;在餐饮以及居民环境类型下,优势种群由美洲大蠊过渡到德国小蠊。结论自2006年起,广州市城区蟑螂优势种群已由美洲大蠊转为德国小蠊,且在各种环境类型下均占绝对优势,提示蟑螂防治重点及方法应随优势种的改变而有所变化。     

蟑螂侵害现状调查及控制措施

目的通过了解铜陵市蟑螂侵害情况,为防治蟑螂提供科学的方法。方法采用粘捕法测定蟑螂密度,并用观测法和询问法调查蟑螂的侵害情况。结果铜陵市蟑螂有3种,分别是德国小蠊、黑胸大蠊和美洲大蠊,这3种蟑螂分别占85.3%、12.1%和2.6%,德国小蠊是优势种,餐馆和宾馆的密度最高;而用不同方法得出的侵害率不同。结论掌握铜陵地区德国小蠊生活习性,为开展综合性防治措施提供了科学依据。     

宜昌市城区蟑螂种群分布及侵害情况调查

目的掌握宜昌市城区蟑螂种群分布及侵害情况,为城市蟑螂防治提供依据。方法采用粘捕法和药激法相结合,将捕获蟑螂带回实验室分类鉴定。结果共调查新、老城区100个点,捕获蟑螂3种9 210只,其中:德国小蠊5 547只(占60.23%)、黑胸大蠊1 953只(占21.21%)、美洲大蠊1 710只(占18.56%)。结论宜昌市城区蟑螂以德国小蠊为优势种群,蟑螂以侵害旧城区特殊行业和下水道为主。     

本溪市城区蟑螂种群分布时空动态调查

目的掌握本溪城区蟑螂种群分布情况。方法采用粘捕法监测蟑螂在居民、餐饮、医院、农贸市场4类生境的密度与分布情况。结果 2001-2012年,本溪城区蟑螂密度呈年度增长趋势,每年的高密度期在7-10月,农贸大厅蟑螂平均密度最高(1.872只/张),分别是医院、餐饮、居民环境的48、42.5、20.1倍。蟑螂种群共计3种,即德国小蠊、美洲大蠊和日本大蠊,分别占捕蟑总数的96.58%、3.11%和0.31%。优势种群为德国小蠊。结论本溪市城区蟑螂防治工作,宜以德国小蠊为主要防治对象,农贸大厅为重点防治场所,每年7-10月应加强蟑螂综合防治工作,以减少蟑螂危害。     

南京市蟑螂危害状况及抗药性分析

目的分析南京市蟑螂危害状况及抗药性。方法采用粘捕法调查蟑螂危害,药膜法测定抗药性。结果南京市蟑螂密度年际呈上升趋势,主要种属为德国小蠊、黑胸大蠊和美洲大蠊,德国小蠊为优势种,7-9月份是蟑螂密度高峰,德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、残杀威的抗性系数分别为2.38、3.53和0.79。结论南京市蟑螂危害较重,德国小蠊为优势种,活动高峰在夏季,高效氯氰菊酯和乙酰甲胺磷已产生低度抗性。     

2007-2009年武汉市江夏区蟑螂密度调查

目的 掌握江夏区2007-2009年蟑螂的种群变化和季节消长,为开展蟑螂防治工作提供科学依据.方法 粘捕法.结果 3年共捕获德国小蠊和黑胸大蠊2种计3050只,德国小蠊为优势种,占总数的93.5%;蟑螂全年活动,4-10月密度均较高,密度最高峰期在6-8月.结论 基本摸清全区不同生境蟑螂的种群构成和活动情况.     

泰州市蟑螂调查分析

目的分析泰州市蟑螂密度变化规律,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法采用粘捕法。结果2009-2013年,泰州市市区全年各月均有蟑螂活动,蟑螂密度分别为0.86、1.14、1.04、1.39、1.69只/张,侵害率为5.79%、6.28%、6.00%、8.50%、10.46%。蟑螂侵害最高的环境为农贸市场,1-4月份密度相对持平,5月份开始上升,10-12月份高于其他月份,10份出现最高峰。蟑螂种类包括德国小蠊、美洲大蠊、黑胸大蠊3种,德国小蠊为绝对优势种,占99.32%。结论 2009-2013年蟑螂密度、侵害率呈上升趋势。今后要加强蟑螂防控,重点针对农贸市场和德国小蠊研究控制策略。     

蟑螂种群分布及季节消长监测分析

目的了解蟑螂种群变化及季节消长情况,为采取防治措施提供科学依据。方法2005—2007年采用粘捕法分别在居民住宅、饮食店和宾馆进行捕捉,分类鉴定。结果温州市区蟑螂密度较高,2007年达到1．40只／（盒·夜）,主要优势种为德国小蠊,占97．12％,美洲大蠊和黑胸大蠊少量分布,饮食店蟑螂侵害最为严重。蟑螂全年均有分布,4—10月为密度高峰期。结论温州蟑螂尤其是德国小蠊侵害严重,应采取有效措施进行防治。     

泰安市城区蟑螂种群密度及侵害状况调查

目的摸清城区蟑螂的侵害状况，为灭蟑工作提供科学依据。方法用目测法和药激法进行不同行业蟑螂的种群密度和季节消长调查。结果共发现3种蟑螂，其中美洲大蠊占61．81％；德国小蠊占23．13％；黑胸大蠊占16．06％。在7月、8月为蟑螂密度最高峰。结论控制蟑螂密度，需要根据不同环境，不同时间采取不同的控制措施。     

2017-2019年克拉玛依市蟑螂种类及其季节消长与侵害调查

目的了解克拉玛依市2017—2019年蟑螂种群构成、季节消长及不同生境蟑螂密度,为蟑螂防治提供科学依据。方法采用粘捕法分别在农贸市场、超市、宾馆、餐饮店、医院和居民区等不同环境中进行蟑螂种群、密度及季节消长调查,收集整理2017—2019年调查结果进行种群构成比、季节消长以及不同监测环境密度和侵害率的分析。结果克拉玛依市有2种蟑螂分布,分别为德国小蠊和美洲大蠊,其中德国小蠊为优势种群,占99.26%,美洲大蠊占0.74%。蟑螂以7—10月为活动高峰期,7月平均侵害率高达19.42%,密度为3.10只/张。餐饮业受蟑螂危害最为严重,侵害率为26.95%,其次为居民区,侵害率为15.90%、农贸市场侵害率为13.62%、宾馆侵害率为12.13%。结论德国小蠊为克拉玛依市优势种,应列为防治重点。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.