Should prostate-specific antigen or prostate-specific antigen density be used as the determining factor when deciding which prostates should undergo biopsy during prostate ultrasound

Prostate ultrasound has been accepted as the appropriate tool for prostate biopsy guidance to determine the presence of prostate cancer if the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is not normal. Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) has been used to determine if an increased PSA level may be because of benign enlargement of the gland or possible presence of cancer. The specific "cutoff" for PSA and PSAD to delineate which patients are at highest risk has been controversial. We attempted to assess which PSA level or PSAD level should be used. A retrospective analysis of 600 consecutive men, referred for prostate ultrasound and possible biopsy because of an abnormal DRE result or increased PSA level was undertaken. All had prostate volume determined by biplanar endorectal ultrasound. One hundred sixty-six men had cancer confirmed by biopsy. This latter group was further analyzed and was divided into PSA <4.0, PSA 4 to 10, or PSA >10.0 ng/ml. Groups were divided according to those with PSAD <0.10, <0.12, and <0.15 ng/ml. Correlation with Gleason grade of the tumor was made. Of the 166 men with cancer, 15 had PSA levels <4 ng/ml (all palpable), and 81 had PSA levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/ml (48 were not palpable by digital rectal examination [DRE]). There were 38 (22.8%) of 166 men with cancer who had a PSAD <0.15. Using the Gleason scoring system, 30 of 38 men had mid-grade or high-grade cancers. Twenty-one (12.6%) of 166 men with cancer had a PSAD <0.12. Of these, 17 of 21 men had mid-grade or high-grade cancers. Fifteen (9.0%) of 166 men with cancer had a PSAD <0.10. Of these, 13 of 15 had mid-grade or high-grade cancer. If the PSA level is more than 4.0 ng/ml, even if no palpable lesion is discerned by DRE, suspicion for the presence of cancer should be raised. The use of PSAD threshold of 0.15 is not inclusive enough to identify clinically important cancer, and it should not be used. Our data demonstrate that 7.9% of men with cancer had a PSAD <0.15 and mid-grade or high-grade, i.e., clinically important, cancer. Although more negative biopsy results will be obtained, we recommend the use of a lower PSAD "cutoff" than the literature has suggested. We recommend that those men with PSA levels more than 4 ng/ml and a PSAD higher than 0.10 should undergo a prostate biopsy to detect clinically important cancer.     

彩色多普勒超声对血清前列腺特异性抗原轻度升高前列腺癌患者的检测价值

目的探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声在血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)轻度升高的早期前列腺癌病灶的检测价值。方法对88例PSA为4.0~20.0ng/ml的患者,穿刺活检术前行经直肠多普勒超声检查,利用彩色直方图软件测定并评价前列腺双侧周缘区血流信号丰富程度,其结果与穿刺活检病理结果比较。利用受试者作业特征曲线(ROC)分析PSA、PSA密度(PSAD)及彩色多普勒超声对周缘区前列腺癌诊断的敏感性、特异性及曲线下面积。结果88例患者经穿刺病理诊断为前列腺癌30例(34.1%),前列腺增生39例(44.3%),前列腺增生伴慢性间质炎症19例(21.6%)。周缘区前列腺癌的彩色血流信号明显高于前列腺增生及前列腺炎症(P=0.0136),ROC曲线分析显示彩色多普勒超声在检测周缘区前列腺癌中的作用优于PSA但不如PSAD,三者曲线下面积分别为0.629,0.542和0.758。经直肠彩色多普勒超声对前列腺癌诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为47.5%和76.5%,PSAD对前列腺癌病灶检测的敏感性和特异性分别为92.3%和24.4%,经直肠彩色多普勒与PSAD相结合在检测周缘区前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为100.0%和80.1%。结论经直肠彩色多普勒超声对提高PSA轻度升高人群中的前列腺癌病灶检出率有一定价值。     

血清前列腺特异抗原和前列腺特异抗原密度对前列腺癌诊断价值评价

目的探讨血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）及前列腺特异抗原密度（PSAD）在前列腺癌诊断及其与良性前列腺增生鉴别诊断中的价值。方法采用化学发光免疫分析法检测前列腺癌患者（65例）和前列腺增生患者（116例）血清PSA水平，同时利用B超测定患者前列腺体积，计算出PSAD值，对患者进行分组比较。运用ROC曲线对PSA和PSAD诊断前列腺癌的价值进行分析。结果前列腺癌组与前列腺增生组患者在不同PSA区段和不同PSAD区段的分布差异均有非常显著性（P均〈0．01）。ROC曲线分析结果显示，PSA和PSAD的曲线下面积分别为0．948（95％CI：0.907—0．989）和0．971（95％CI：0．944～0．999）。当PSA和PSADI临界值分别为4ng／ml和0．15时，敏感性分别为98．5％和96．9％，特异性分别为24.1％和63．8％；而当PSA和PSAD临界值分别为10ng／ml和0．20时，敏感性分别为95．4％和93．8％，特异性分别为67．2％和82.8％。结论PSA和PSAD在前列腺癌诊断及其与前列腺增生鉴别诊断中均有一定的价值；PSAD更能提高诊断前列腺癌的特异性和准确度，有利于前列腺癌与良性前列腺增生的鉴别诊断。     

PSAD、F／T在tPSA低水平异常的前列腺癌诊断价值

目的：比较前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）、游离PSA （fPSA）与总PSA （tPSA）比值（F/T）在tPSA 4～10、10～20μg/L水平的前列腺癌诊断价值。方法选取tPSA 4～20μg/L、经直肠B超前列腺穿刺活组织检查（活检）的449例患者,对PSAD、F/T和前列腺活检结果的关系进行研究。结果449例中前列腺癌78例（17.4％）,tPSA 4～10、10～20μg/L 阳性率分别为10.4％、23.1％（P＜0.001）,F/T和PSAD在穿刺前列腺癌组和非前列腺癌组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC） PSAD＞F/T＞tPSA,PSAD与tPSA间AUC比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,F/T和tPSA间AUC比较差异无统计学意义。当诊断敏感度为100％时,在PSA 4～10、10～20μg/L水平,PSAD特异度分别为5.0％和2.1％,可分别避免不必要前列腺穿刺4.9％和2.4％。结论在PSA 4～20μg/L水平上,PSAD和F/T对预测是否行前列腺穿刺有帮助,在诊断敏感度和特异度上,PSAD优于F/T。     

血清PSA筛选结合经直肠B超引导穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的探讨经直肠B超（TRUS）引导穿刺活检在诊断前列腺癌中的临床价值。方法通过血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）的测定和筛选,对64例有排尿症状,血清PSA≥4ng／ml男性患者行TRUS定位前列腺10针穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检确诊前列腺癌28例（43．75%）,良性前列腺增生36例（56．25％）。与术后病检结果对比,有3例术前穿刺活检为良性前列腺增生,术后病检确诊为前列腺癌,穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的敏感度为90．32％（28／31）,漏诊患者血清PSA4．5～9．2ng／ml。穿刺后不良反应有一过性血尿2例、肛门或会阴部痛5例,均自行缓解消失。结论TRUS定位前列腺穿刺活检具有准确、安全等优点,并发症少,简单易行,是确诊前列腺癌的有效方法之一,穿刺中除重视可疑区外,等回声区亦不能忽视,多点多部位的穿刺能降低漏诊。同时结合血清PSA测定,不但能提高早期诊断率,而且有助于前列腺癌患者的随访。     

经直肠三维超声检测前列腺特异性抗原相关参数诊断前列腺癌的价值

目的 探讨经直肠三维超声与血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)相关参数前列腺特异抗原密度(PSAD)、前列腺移行区抗原密度(PSAT)、游离前列腺特异抗原百分比和前列腺特异抗原密度的比值[(F/T)/PSAD]诊断前列腺癌的价值.方法 血清PSA位于4～20μg/L之间的患者78例,应用经直肠三维超声检测前列腺体积和移行区体积,分别计算出PSA相关参数PSAD、PSAT、(F/T)/PSAD.经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检,获得病理诊断.结果 前列腺癌组27例,前列腺增生组51例,PSAD、PSAT、(F/T)/PSAD在前列腺癌和前列腺增生组中的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),诊断前列腺癌的ROC曲线下面积分别为 0.736、0.760、0.800.各参数诊断前列腺癌的合理截点分别为:PSAD>0.20、PSAT>0.33、(F/T)/PSAD<0.8.结论 血清PSA在4～20μg/L时,PSAD、PSAT、(F/T)/PSAD对前列腺癌和前列腺增生的鉴别有重要参考价值.通过经直肠三维超声计算前列腺体积得出的参数更可靠.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the utility of serum prostate specific antigen(PSA) density (PSAD),prostate antigen transition zone density(PSAT) and the ratio of free/total PSA with PSAD [(F/T)/PSAD] in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma (PCa) by three-dimensional ultrasonography.Methods Seventy-eight patients (serum prostate-specific antigen between 4-20 μg/L ) were involved.The prostatic volume and its transition zone volume were measured by three-dimensional ultrasonography.Then the relative parameters of PSA [PSAD,PSAT and (F/T)/PSAD] were calculated.Pathologic types were determined by using needle biopsy of prostate.Results Among them,27 patients were suffering from PCa,while the other 51 benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH).The difference of PSAD,PSAT and (F/T)/PSAD between PCa and BPH had arrived statistical significance (P<0.05).Proportions under the PCa curves were 0.736,0.760,0.800 respectively.Considering both sensitivity and specificity,a cutoff was recommanded:PSAD>0.20,PSAT>0.33,(F/T)/PSAD<0.8.Conclusions When the serum PSA level is between 4 μg/L and 20 μg/L,PSAD,PSAT and (F/T)/PSAD are of significant value to differentiate PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.The data are more reliable if prostatic volume are calculated by three-dimensional transrectal ultrasonography.     

血清PSA测定结合超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的通过测定血清总前列腺特异性抗原（T—PSA）、游离特异性抗原（F—PSA）及PSA密度（PSAD）的变化规律,结合超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术,探讨PSA在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法男性患者共148例行血清PSA的测定,并行经直肠超声引导下的前列腺活检术,根据病理诊断结果将患者分为前列腺癌组、前列腺增生组及慢性前列腺炎组,并对各组数据予以统计分析。结果前列腺癌组T—PSA、F—PSA及PSAD值均显著高于前列腺增生及前列腺炎组,比较不同T—PSA浓度与前列腺癌发生率的关系表明,T—PSA〉10ng/ml时其前列腺癌的发生率显著高于4ng/ml〈T—PSA及4ng/ml〈T—PSA〈10ng/ml组,而前列腺增生和前列腺炎组间无显著差异。F/T—PSA比值在各组间比较无显著差异。结论血清T—PSA与F—PSA值在高危前列腺癌人群筛查中具有极大实用价值,实施经直肠超声引导下的组织活检术应作为确诊前列腺癌的主要手段。     

血清PSA、FPSA/TPSA、PSAD对前列腺癌诊断的临床意义

目的　进一步了解前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)、游离PSA/总PSA(FPSA/TPSA)、PSA密度 (PSAD)对国人前列腺癌诊断的意义。方法　选择前列腺癌 40例 ,良性前列腺增生 46例 ,PSA <2 0ng/ml,比较两组间PSA、FPSA/TPSA、PSAD的差异及当取不同界值时对前列腺癌诊断的意义。结果　PSA、PSAD两组间均数差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1及P <0 .0 5 ) ;FPSA/TPSA两组均数差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;当PSA取 4ng/ml、6ng/ml及 10ng/ml为界值时 ,诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为 92 .5 %和 45 .7%、67.5 %和 78.3 %、3 0 .0 %和 91.3 % ;当PSAD分别以 0 .15和 0 .2为界值时 ,诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为 5 0 %和 67.4%、3 0 %和 84.8%。结论　当PSA≥ 10ng/ml时 ,提示高度怀疑前列腺癌 ,应进行前列腺穿刺活检确诊 ;PSAD诊断前列腺癌与PSA相比较无明显优越性。     

Specificity and accuracy of TRUS-measured PSA-density and transition zone-PSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Between 4 and 15 ng/ml serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has a low specificity for prostate cancer (PCa). One accepted method to enhance this specificity is transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-measured PSA-density (PSA-D). We compared this method with a new alternative, transition zone PSA (PSA-TZ). We measured total and transition zone prostatic volumes by TRUS and calculated PSA-D and PSA-TZ in 59 patients with suspicion of PCa and PSA between 4 and 15 ng/ml. All patients then had sextant biopsies of the prostate, 30 were positive for PCa and 29 showed benign tissue. With a cut-off value of 0.35, PSA-TZ had a positive predicted value of 77% for PCa, whereas PSA-D, with a cut-off value of 0.12, had a positive predicted value of 55%. Our data suggest PSA-TZ to be more reliable for avoiding unnecessary biopsies in patients with PCa suspicion and serum PSA below 15 ng/ml. PSA-TZ, calculated by TRUS, enhances the specificity of PSA for needle biopsy diagnosis of PCa.     

前列腺特异抗原＜4μg/L前列腺癌经直肠超声引导穿刺活检的临床研究

目的 评价经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)＜4μg/L前列腺癌(PCA)诊断的临床价值,借以探讨提高PSA＜4μg/L的PCA诊断率的方法.方法 选取59例PSA＜4μg/L怀疑PCA的患者进行TRUS引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检.分析其TRUS声像图特点尤其对前列腺内结节声像特点进行总结,并比较PCA与非PCA组患者间的PSA、前列腺特异抗原密度(PSAD)、前列腺游离抗原与总前列腺抗原比值(F/T)、前列腺体积(PV),进一步分析PSAD、F/T的各阈值范围内对PCA诊断的敏感性及特异性.结果 59例受检者中经病理证实PCA 16例,检出率为27%,12例PCA患者声像图检查显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高.PCA组与非PCA组间的PSA、PSAD、F/T、PV差异均有统计学意义.将PSAD阈值设为0.09μg/L2时有较高的敏感性及特异性,F/T值设为0.20时有较高的敏感性及特异性,但不及PSAD有优势.结论 TRUS前列腺穿刺活检是确诊PSA＜4 μg/L PCA的最有效方法之一,结合TRUS声像图特点及PSA修正方法可进一步提高PCA的检出率.     

Significance of the prostate central gland and total gland volume ratio in the diagnosis of prostate cancer patients in the prostate specific antigen grey zone

ObjectiveTo explore the significance of the prostate central gland to total gland volume ratio (PVc/PV) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in the grey zone (4–10 ng/ml).MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled patients that had undergone prostate biopsy. The volume of the prostate and the central prostate gland were measured. The differences in PSA, the ratio of free to total PSA (f/tPSA), PSA density (PSAD) and PVc/PV between the PCa and non-PCa groups were compared. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for PCa and clinically significant PCa (csPCa) diagnosis were calculated according to PSA (reference), f/tPSA, PSAD and PVc/PV.ResultsThis study enrolled 136 patients. There was no significant difference in PSA and f/tPSA between the PCa and non-PCa groups, while there were significant differences in PSAD and PVc/PV. The area under the curve values of PVc/PV for PCa or csPCa diagnosis were 0.876 and 0.933, respectively; and for PSAD, they were 0.705 and 0.790, respectively. These were significantly different compared with the PSA curve, whereas f/tPSA showed no significant difference from the PSA curve.ConclusionPVc/PV could be a predictor of PCa when PSA is between 4–10 ng/ml.     

前列腺特异抗原和经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨前列腺声像图特点、血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平在前列腺癌诊断中的价值.方法 分析47例经直肠超声引导系统6点加目的 性穿刺患者前列腺声像图特点及临床资料,其中前列腺癌组17例,前列腺增生组30例.结果 前列腺癌组与前列腺增生组异常血流信号发现率分别为88.2%、36.7%,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);两组异常回声结节发生率和前列腺体积的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).游离前列腺特导性抗原(FPSA )、前列腺特导性抗原密度(PSAD)、FPSA/总前列腺特异抗原(TPSA)对前列腺癌诊断的ROC曲线面积分别为0.692、0.739、0.214.以PSAD≥0.15 μg/ml·cm3诊断前列腺癌的阳性预测值为50%,敏感性为76.5%,特异性为56.7%.结论 异常血流分布较低回声结节更具有特征性的前列腺癌超声表现,其指导目的 性穿刺的准确率较高,PSAD是较TPSA及FPSA/TPSA更有价值的前列腺癌预测指标.     

The proportion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) complexed to alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin improves the discrimination between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with a total PSA of 10 to 30 microg/L

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the proportion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) complexed to alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (PSA-alpha(1)ACT:PSA ratio) in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer (CaP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men with total PSA of 10-30 microg/L. METHODS: We used our immunoassays (ELISAs) for total PSA and PSA-alpha(1)ACT complex to study 146 men. In 123, total PSA was between 10 and 20 microg/L; 66 of these had CaP and 57 BPH. In 23 men, total PSA was between 20 and 30 microg/L; 14 of these had CaP and 9 BPH. We calculated the area under the ROC curves (AUC) for total PSA, PSA-alpha(1)ACT complex, and PSA-alpha(1)ACT:PSA ratio, and determined the cutoff points that gave sensitivities approaching 100%. RESULTS: In the total PSA range between 10 and 20 microg/L, the AUC was significantly higher for the PSA-alpha(1)ACT:PSA ratio (0.850) than for total PSA (0.507) and PSA-alpha(1)ACT complex (0.710; P <0.0001). A cutoff ratio of 0.62 would have permitted diagnosis of all 66 patients with CaP (100% sensitivity) and avoided 19% of unnecessary biopsies (11 of 57 patients). In the total PSA range between 20 and 30 microg/L, the AUC for the PSA-alpha(1)ACT:PSA ratio (0.980; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.99) was greater than the AUC for total PSA (0.750; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.89; P = 0.042). In this range, a cutoff point of 0.64 would have permitted the correct diagnosis of all 14 patients with CaP and 6 of the 9 with BPH. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of the PSA-alpha(1)ACT:PSA ratio persists at high total PSA concentrations, increasing the specificity of total PSA. Prospective studies with large numbers of patients are needed to assess whether the ratio of PSA-alpha(1)ACT to total PSA is a useful tool to avoid unnecessary prostatic biopsy in patients with a total PSA >10 microg/L.     

Prostate-specific antigen and prostate gland volume: correlation and clinical application.

We studied 103 patients seen in our Prostate Cancer Detection Clinic to determine whether a correlation exists between serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values and ultrasound-calculated prostate gland volume. Seventy men (68%) had a PSA value less than or equal to 4 ng/ml (our upper limit of normal). The men were subclassified by prostate gland volume at arbitrary break points. Twenty-five men (24%) had a prostate gland volume less than or equal to 25 cm3; in 96%, the PSA value was less than or equal to 4 mg/ml. Further analysis revealed that the percentage of men with a normal serum PSA value decreased as the prostate gland volume increased; 65.6% of the group with a gland volume between 25 and 50 cm3 (40 of 61) and 35.5% of the group whose prostate volume exceeded 50 cm3 (6 of 17) had PSA values less than or equal to 4 ng/ml. Four men had PSA values greater than 20 ng/ml; all had prostate cancer. Cancer was diagnosed in four additional patients, three with PSA values between 5 and 10 ng/ml and one with a PSA value less than 4 ng/ml. There appears to be a direct relationship between prostate gland volume and PSA value, as well as a cancer value threshold. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

ALP、PSA及其相关指标与前列腺癌骨转移的关系

目的探讨ALP、PSA及其相关指标（fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD）与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,及对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测作用。方法回顾分析2005年9月至2009年2月在我院经前列腺穿刺活检或手术后病理检查确诊的167例前列腺癌患者。以ECT、X线片、CT/MRI或骨活检诊断骨转移,分析ALP、PSA、fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD与前列腺癌骨转移的关系及对骨转移的诊断价值。结果 167例前列腺癌患者中骨转移104例（62.3%）,非骨转移63例（37.7%）。骨转移组ALP、PSA及PSAD明显高于非骨转移组（均P〈0.01）,而两组间fPSA/tPSA差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。PSA〉50ng/ml组骨转移率明显高于PSA〉20～50ng/ml组、〉10～20ng/ml组和≤10ng/ml组（均P〈0.05）;ALP〉90U/L组骨转移率明显高于ALP≤90U/L组（P〈0.05）;PSAD〉0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3组骨转移率明显高于PSAD≤0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3组（P〈0.05）。以ALP〉90U/L、PSA〉50ng/ml和PSAD〉0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3为界分别分析ALP、PSA、PSAD、PSA＋ALP、PSA＋PSAD和PSA＋PSAD＋ALP对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测价值,发现指标联合应用后阳性预测值及阴性预测值较单一指标好,PSA＋PSAD＋ALP联合应用的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值最佳,分别为100%、79.17%、91.38%及100%。结论 ALP、PSA及PSAD均为判断前列腺癌患者有无骨转移的可靠指标,PSA＋PSAD＋ALP联合应用有助于预测前列腺癌骨转移,当患者PSA〈50ng/ml、PSAD〈0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3及ALP〈90U/L时,几乎可排除骨转移。     

Lectin and serum-PSA interaction as a screening test for prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES: The present investigation was designed to distinguish prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia by lectin-prostate specific antigen (PSA) binding. DESIGN AND METHODS: The quantitative precipitin method of concanavalin A (Con A)-carbohydrate interaction was explored with the serum PSA of patients suffering from prostatic complications. RESULTS: The carbohydrate content in the precipitate after binding of Con A with serum PSA of prostate cancer was significantly lower than that of benign prostate hyperplasia. This may be due to altered sugar chain structure or less glycosylation of PSA in prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a serum value <3.0 microg/ml of the carbohydrate content of Con A-PSA precipitate indicates strong suspicion for prostate cancer and this cut off level is effective in reducing the rate of unnecessary biopsies in men with total PSA value between 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml.     

PSA、PSAD、f／tPSA在早期前列腺癌诊断作用的研究

目的探讨前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、PSA密度（VSXO）、游离PSA／总PSA比值（f／tPSA）在诊断早期前列腺癌（PCa）中的价值。方法对640例患者行前列腺穿刺活检,其中PSA〈4．0ng／ml者36例为直肠指诊及直肠超声可疑者。病理诊断为415例良性前列腺增生和225例前列腺癌,利用酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定患者血清中的PSA、游离PSA（fPSA）,利用经直肠超声测定前列腺体积,并计算出f／tPSA及PSAD进行统计学分析。结果PCa组患者血清的PSA、PSAD明显高于前列腺良性增生（BPH）组（P〈0．01）,f／tPSA明显低于BPH组（P〈0．01）,但当血清PSA为4—20ng/ml时,两组患者PSA没有明显差异（P〉0．05）。以PSA〉4．0ng／ml、PSAD〉0．15、f／tPSA〈0．18为临界值可明显提高对PCa诊断的特异性,特别是当血清PSA为4—20ng／ml时对提高临床诊断更有意义。结论联合测定PSA、fPSA并计算f／tPSA及PSAD对诊断PCa具有明显临床意义。     

Clinical efficacy of prostate cancer detection using power doppler imaging in American and Japanese men

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the detection rates of tumor vascular flow as measured by power Doppler imaging (PDI) in 2 populations and to determine whether PDI can reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations less than 10.1 ng/ml. METHODS: The patient populations were Japanese (group 1) and American (group 2) men with either serum PSA concentrations of 4.1-10.0 ng/ml or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE) plus PSA concentrations less than 4.1 ng/ml. We compared the overall diagnostic accuracy of DRE, gray-scale transrectal sonography (TRUS), and PDI between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 275 men were studied, 154 in group 1 and 121 in group 2. Cancer was identified in 27% of men in group 1 and in 60% of group 2. Men with cancer in both groups differed significantly in age, peripheral zone volume, and mean number of positive biopsy cores. The sensitivity and specificity of PDI in group 2 were significantly inferior to those in group 1. The negative predictive value (NPV) of PDI was significantly higher for group 1 than for group 2. The NPV of PDI in group 1 was equivalent to that for the combination of DRE and TRUS, whereas the NPV for PDI in group 2 was significantly inferior to that of DRE and TRUS.CONCLUSIONS: Tumor vascularity could be detected by PDI more effectively in Japanese men with cancer than in American men with cancer. We hypothesize that this difference was a result of larger cancer volumes and smaller prostates in the Japanese men. PDI did not provide any performance advantage over DRE and TRUS in avoiding unnecessary biopsies.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺13点系统穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导前列腺13点系统穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法 共160例直肠指诊阳性和（或）前列腺特异抗原（PSA）值＞4ng/ml的患者接受了经直肠超声引导前列腺13点系统穿刺活检术,即按照Eskew描述的方法,在标准的经直肠超声引导前列腺6点系统穿刺活检术的同时,增加在前列腺的中间部位及前列腺两侧旁正中线远侧的穿刺点数,共穿刺活检13点。将增加的7点活检部位的病理结果与标准的6点穿刺活检技术进行比较。结果 160例患者中有56例确诊为前列腺癌（56／160）,占35％。56例前列腺癌患者若仅采用标准的经直肠超声引导6点前列腺穿刺活检术,将有12例患者漏诊,占21％。所有接受直肠超声引导前列腺13点系统穿刺活检术的无一例出现严重的并发症。结论 经直肠超声引导前列腺13点系统穿刺活检术可明显提高前列腺癌的临床检出率,是一种安全、有效的前列腺系统穿刺活检术式,值得在临床推广应用。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原小于4 ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml前列腺癌诊断的临床价值。方法59例PSA<4ng/ml疑为前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检,观察前列腺内结节声像图特点,并病理分级,对照分析活检术式的检出情况。结果59例患者中经病理证实前列腺癌16例,检出率为27%,其中12例声像图显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高。结节区域定点穿刺的检出率较六点系统穿刺活检术高(P<0.05);活检阳性点数占所有活检点数比率为51.2%,病理分级中分化程度占56.25%,低分化程度占31.25%。结论结合经直肠超声声像图和前列腺多点穿刺活检可提高PSA<4ng/ml的前列腺癌检出率,对前列腺癌的早期诊断非常必要。