终末期肝病模型时代的肝移植受者手术部位感染:流行病学、危险因素和转归分析

手术部位感染(SSIs)是肝移植受者术后60天内感染的最常见类型。2007年起终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分系统被作为器官分配的基础。MELD评分越高的患者发生SSIs和其他感染的风险越高,但采用MELD前后SSIs发生率有何不同尚无人进行比较研究。因此,本研究旨在评估两个不同时期肝移植术后SSIs的发生率、病因、流行病学和转归,并明确导致SSIs的危险因素。作者总结了2002年至2011年间的肝移植病例,定期严密监测SSIs病例,主要的转归指标为肝移植术后60天内SSIs的发生率;采用Logistic回归分析筛选危险因素,以Cox回归分析计算术后60天患者生存率。结果 :总计543例患者     

吸烟对围术期患者病理生理和麻醉效果的影响

背景 每年都有成千上万的吸烟患者需要手术和麻醉,而大多数麻醉医师未充分认识到吸烟对围术期的危害.目的 为提高麻醉管理水平,改善围术期吸烟手术患者的预后,现将吸烟对围术期患者病理生理和麻醉效果的影响作一综述.内容 吸烟不仅能增加术后并发症(包括肺部并发症、心血管并发症和伤口相关并发症),还能增加麻醉相关并发症(譬如低氧血...     

肝移植围手术期肺部并发症的危险因素及相关防治

背景 肝移植围手术期各类肺部并发症发生率高,发病机制复杂,严重影响患者的预后.目的 分析肝移植围手术期肺部并发症的危险因素并提出具体防治措施以保护肺功能.内容 介绍肝移植术后急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的机理；患者术前病理生理因素、麻醉因素以及非特异性因素与肺部并发症的关系；围手术期肺功能保护的措施.趋向 对相关机制和危险因素进行深入研究,并采取相应防治措施,有助于减少肝移植患者围手术期肺部并发症的发生.     

肝移植围手术期糖尿病防治的初步研究

目的研究肝移植围手术期糖尿病对患者的影响及防治措施。方法回顾性分析131例肝移植患者临床资料，观察患者围手术期糖尿病的发生及对术后并发症的影响，探讨移植术后新发糖尿病与原发疾病、术后免疫抑制药物等因素的关系。结果移植术后新发糖尿病发生率为19．3％（21／109），与糖尿病家族史和术后使用大剂量激素有关，与非糖尿病患者相比，围手术期糖尿病患者急性排斥反应、细菌感染、高血压等并发症的发生率显著升高（P〈0．05），术前及术后早期（2周内）将血糖降至正常可减少感染的发生。结论围手术期出现糖尿病会增加肝移植患者术后并发症的发生率，应该有效控制血糖以减少感染并发症的发生，同时肝移植术后早期应避免使用大剂量激素.     

区域阻滞麻醉与老年患者术后神经系统功能、病死率关系的研究进展

背景 区域阻滞麻醉应用于老年患者手术日益增多,其对老年患者术后神经系统功能、病死率的影响有待总结. 目的 通过文献综述,分析区域阻滞麻醉对老年患者术后神经系统、病死率的影响. 内容 讨论区域阻滞麻醉与老年患者术后神经系统功能,包括术后谵妄、认知功能障碍、脑卒中以及与病死率之间的关系. 趋向 区域阻滞麻醉可以减少老年患者术后肺部并发症,减少术后早期认知功能障碍,与全身麻醉相比,具有一定优势.区域阻滞麻醉是否能降低老年患者术后病死率、心血管并发症发生率、谵妄发生率、围手术期脑卒中发生率尚有待于进一步研究.     

围手术期肺顺应性影响因素探讨

背景 良好的肺顺应性是维持围手术期呼吸功能的必要条件.随着科研和临床上对肺顺应性研究的逐步深入,围手术期患者肺顺应性的影响因素也越来越受到人们的重视. 目的 对围手术期肺顺应性影响因素的相关文献资料进行分析总结. 内容 主要从麻醉方式、麻醉药物、呼吸机设置、术中体位、特殊手术类型和患者自身因素等进行综述. 趋向 围手术期肺顺应性影响因素的探讨与研究,对患者的术前评估、术中肺保护和术后减少呼吸系统损伤都具有重要意义.     

颈椎手术围手术后期麻醉相关问题探讨

目的探讨颈椎手术围手术后期出现的麻醉相关问题的处理方法。方法回顾性分析562例颈椎手术患者围手术后期出现的麻醉并发症情况并总结处理方法。结果136例患者术后恶心或呕吐;15例患者术后拔管时烦躁;1例拔管后呼吸抑制;6例苏醒延迟;94例患者术后早期便秘,31例轻微尿潴留;12例术后声音嘶哑或吞咽困难。术后心律失常、冠心病、应激性溃疡各1例。使用不同的镇吐方案治疗与未作预防组相比,术后恶心呕吐的发生率明显减少(P<0.05)。术后使用镇痛治疗的患者便秘、尿潴留的发生率较未使用者明显增加(P<0.05)。出现术后烦躁及幻觉症状的患者手术时间明显较对照组长,术中出现低血压和术毕前过早停止吸入麻药者较对照组多(P<0.05)。结论颈椎手术围手术后期麻醉相关并发症多且复杂,发生因素也不尽相同,术中严密的观察和提前预防是减少此类问题的关键。     

胰十二指肠切除术后围手术期并发症的风险因素

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后围手术期并发症的风险因素及防治措施.方法 回顾性研究北京大学第一医院2000年1月至2006年12月连续146例胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料,单因素和多因素分析影响围手术期并发症的风险因素,比较不同因素对术后并发症的影响.结果 该组病人术后围手术期并发症发生率为54.1%(79/146),死亡率为4.79%(6/146).年龄>70岁病人与70岁以下病人比较.其术后总体并发症发生率分别为66.7%及50.6%(P=0.094),其中非手术部位并发症如心肺功能不全、肺部感染等二者差异存在统计学意义(P=0.001);手术部位并发症二者无差异.术中出血>600 ml术后并发症发生率77.8%,手术部位并发症发生率71.1%,均显著高于出血<600 ml组(P值分别为0.032,0.038).术后手术部位并发症以胃排空延迟及胰肠吻合口漏最多见,保留幽门胰十二指肠切除术后胃排空延迟发生率为35.7%,较不保留幽门者显著增加(P=0.031);胰漏发生率为19.9%,由胰漏导致感染或腹腔出血并致病人死亡率为10.3%(3/29).多因素Logistic分析示胰肠吻合方式为影响术后胰漏率的独立风险因素.术前白蛋白水平,胆红素水平,术前减黄引流,手术时间,预防性应用生长抑素等均对术后并发症的发生无显著影响.结论 年龄非为手术禁忌证,但其对术后非手术部位并发症有显著影响,围手术期应重视对心肺功能的评估与监护.胰腺质地,术中失血量为术后并发症及手术部位并发症的独立危险因素.保留幽门胰十二指肠切除病人宜术中行空肠造瘘术,以术后提供肠内营养支持.根据胰管直径可采用不同的胰肠吻合方式.术前引流减黄对术后并发症的发生无显著影响.     

围术期戒烟病理生理与国内外麻醉医师对戒烟干预研究进展

背景 吸烟患者在围术期均处于不同的戒烟期,麻醉医师在围术期承担重要角色,但戒烟对围术期病理生理的影响有多大,哪些因素影响患者的围术期戒烟及戒烟实施情况并不十分清楚. 目的 提高麻醉管理水平,改善围术期吸烟患者的预后. 内容 回顾当前关于短期(时间范围从数小时到数周)和长期戒烟病理生理方面的变化,尤其是与术后转归密切相关的几个方面.此外,还探讨围术期戒烟的影响因素、国内外麻醉医师在围术期戒烟中的作用与实践. 趋向 围术期戒烟还有很长的路要走,需要今后的临床研究和实验进一步探讨,以便更好地帮助患者围术期甚至长期戒烟,减少麻醉手术相关并发症.     

骨科手术后患者切口感染危险因素分析及创面修复处理对策

目的 总结骨科手术后患者切口感染的危险因素,探讨切口感染的创面修复处理对策。方法 选取2018年2月-2023年2月在我院骨科进行手术治疗的1480例患者为研究对象,采用统计方法收集术后 感染情况数据,运用Logistic回归分析法对手术切口感染的危险因素进行分析。结果 1480例骨科手术 患者中有23例发生切口感染,感染率为1.55%;单因素分析显示,不同年龄、手术切口类型、手术时 间、有无基础疾病、围术期用药、手术部位的切口感染发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）; 多因素分析显示手术切口类型（OR=1.462）、年龄（OR=1.526）、手术时间（OR=1.812）、基础疾 病（OR=2.340）、围术期用药（OR=1.402）是骨科术后切口感染的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 导致 骨科手术患者术后切口感染的影响因素较多,包括手术切口类型、年龄、手术时间、基础疾病和围术期 用药。对此,应重点关于以上危险因素人群,并予以针对性干预,以期减少骨科手术后切口感染的发生 几率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.