两种腹带在腹膜透析外接短管固定中的应用效果比较

目的探讨改良式腹带对比传统腹带在腹膜透析患者外接短管固定中的应用效果。方法接受腹膜透析治疗的82例终末期肾功能衰竭患者依据随访号顺序将其分为2组,观察组41例给予改良式腹带固定,对照组41例采用传统腹带固定。比较2组患者术后窦道情况、窦道出口处情况及导管相关并发症发生情况,运用健康调查简表(SF-36)评价2组生活质量。结果观察组患者窦道出口处红肿、牵拉疼痛及短管脱落率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组SF-36总评分改善显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论改良式腹带固定能够减少腹膜透析患者导管相关并发症风险,提高患者生活质量。     

保赫曼妙贴预防腹透导管出口处感染效果观察

目的观察腹膜透析患者使用保赫曼妙贴覆盖腹透导管出口处其感染预防的临床效果。方法选择2008年10月2009年3月首次行腹膜透析置管手术患者60例,按行腹膜透析置管手术单双日分为两组,观察组：腹透导管出口处使用保赫曼妙贴（8cm×10cm）;对照组：使用传统敷料（6cm×7cm的12层无菌纱布）,并用纸胶布固定。观察两组患者术后腹透导管出口处敷料固定情况及感染发生率。结果术后7d,观察组腹透导管出口处敷料固定良好,优于对照组（P〈0.05）;术后6周内,观察组腹透导管出口处感染率低于对照组（P〈0.05）,差异有统计学意义。结论保赫曼妙贴能有效预防腹透导管出口处感染,使用简便,值得推广。     

腹膜透析外接短管更换用治疗围裙的设计及应用

目的 探讨自行设计的一种腹膜透析外接短管更换用治疗围裙在终末期肾病腹膜透析患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年1月—2021年12月新疆乌鲁木齐市某三级甲等医院的104例腹膜透析患者为研究对象，按照时间顺序将2020年1月—12月进行腹膜透析外接短管更换的患者作为对照组，2021年1月—12月进行腹膜透析外接短管更换的患者作为试验组，对照组使用传统治疗巾更换腹膜透析外接短管，试验组使用自行设计的治疗围裙更换腹膜透析外接短管。比较两组患者72 h内腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生率、两组护士在更换单个患者腹膜透析外接短管操作中的用时、两组治疗巾或治疗围裙移位发生率、两组护士在更换单个患者腹膜透析外接短管操作中的肢体疲劳度、两组患者在外接短管更换过程中的满意度和舒适度。结果 两组间72 h内均未发生腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎；使用治疗围裙可以减少护士对单个患者换管的用时(P<0.001);治疗围裙移位发生率明显低于对照组；使用治疗围裙后护士肢体疲劳度明显减轻(P<0.001)。患者舒适度及满意度均优于对照组(P<0.001)。结论 治疗围裙的使用可以减少护士对单个患者换管的用时，增加...     

应用水胶体敷料预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果观察

目的探讨应用水胶体敷料预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果,为腹膜透析患者导管出口处提供更有效的护理方法。方法将66例腹膜透析患者随机分为观察组34例和对照组32例,观察组腹膜透析导管出口处用无菌生理盐水清洗出口,再用无菌棉签轻轻吸干,然后用康乐保公司生产的4 cm×7 cm水胶体敷料(透明贴)粘贴在导管出口处,5~7 d更换1次。对照组腹膜透析导管出口处用无菌生理盐水清洗出口,距离导管出口处2 cm以外的周围皮肤用0.3%碘伏擦洗,再用无菌棉签轻轻吸干,然后用7 cm×10 cm的4层无菌纱布覆盖,3 M透明胶带固定,每周换药2~3次。观察12个月,比较两组出口处感染发生率。结果观察组34例患者12个月随访520次,对照组32例患者12个月随访435次。对照组发生导管出口处感染8例次,发生率为0.25次/患者年;观察组发生出口处感染3例次,发生率为0.09次/患者年,两组出口处感染发生率比较,χ2=48.72,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义。观察组导管出口处感染发生率明显低于对照组。结论使用康惠尔水胶体敷料(透明贴)能降低导管出口处感染发生率,是目前用于导管出口处较为理想的敷料。     

美皮康敷料在预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果研究

目的 探讨美皮康敷料在预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果.方法 将腹膜透析患者60例随机分为观察组30例(使用美皮康敷料覆盖)和对照组30例(使用传统的无菌纱布敷料覆盖),比较两组出口处感染发生率.结果 观察组导管出口处感染率明显低于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论 美皮康敷料覆盖腹膜透析导管出口处,能明显减少出口处感染的几率,并能促进出口处良好愈合,值得临床推广应用.     

改良式腹膜透析外接短管更换法的效果评价

目的探讨改良式腹膜透析外接短管更换法的临床效果。方法选择2013年1月~2014年1月需更换腹膜透析外接短管并在本院门诊固定随访的54例患者,随机分为对照组和观察组各27例。分别采用传统方法和改良式方法进行操作。比较两组换管所用时间及人力、患者舒适度、因换管操作不当所致腹膜炎的发生率及外接短管再次更换率。结果观察组换管用时(13±2.1)min,明显少于对照组(25±8.4)min,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组仅需一人即可完成所有操作,而对照组需要两名操作人员配合才能完成。观察组患者的舒适状况量表评分为(96±1.3)分,明显高于对照组(78±12.8)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。因换管操作不当所致腹膜炎的发生率两组均为0,因换管所致外接短管再次更换率观察组为0,对照组为4%。结论改良式换管方法在同样安全的情况下大大减少了换管时间,节省了人力,提高了工作效率,增加了患者的舒适度,降低了因换管所致外接短管再次更换率,减少了患者的经济负担,值得临床推广与应用。     

医用腹膜透析管路护理腰带的改良设计与应用

目的对传统护理腰带进行改良设计,解决长期腹膜透析患者透析管路的护理问题。方法本着方便、安全、可靠的原则,对传统的腹膜透析腰带进行改进。选择2013年5月-2015年5月在西安某院肾病内科长期行腹膜透析治疗的终末期肾脏病患者90例为研究对象。将其中2013年5月-2014年4月接受治疗的45例患者设为对照组,采用传统护理腰带进行护理;将2014年5月-2015年5月接受治疗的45例患者设为观察组,采用改良的腹膜透析护理腰带进行护理。观察比较两组患者腹膜透析期间的透析管出口处感染、导管脱落及隧道炎的发生情况。结果经改良的腹膜透析护理腰带设计合理,能妥善固定腹膜透析管路,安全方便。观察组患者的出口处感染和导管脱落明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组无隧道炎发生,也明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经过改良的腹膜透析管路护理腰带使长期腹膜透析患者的护理更方便、安全、有效,它能减少腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

爱康肤银敷料治疗腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果观察及护理

目的探讨爱康肤银敷料治疗腹膜透析导管出口处感染的疗效。方法将80例在本院长期随访的腹膜透析导管出口处感染患者,按随机数字法随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各40例。观察组患者导管出口处感染应用爱康肤银敷料换药,对照组患者导管出口感染处应用碘伏、庆大霉素换药。比较两组患者导管出口处感染治愈率、治愈时间情况。结果两组患者导管出口处感染治疗效果及治愈时间比较,均P0.05,差异具有统计学意义,观察组患者导管出口处感染治愈率明显高于对照组,治愈时间明显短于对照组。结论爱康肤银敷料能有效控制腹膜透析导管出口处感染,缩短治疗时间,减少换药次数,是导管出口处感染治疗的有效方法,值得临床推广应用。     

腹膜透析立体腹带的改良设计与临床应用

目的:腹膜透析外接短管固定带立体设计改良与临床应用效果评价。方法:选择我院2013年1月~2015年4月收治的连续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者50例为试验组,使用自行研制的立体腹带;选择2010年9月~2012年12月我院收治的CAPD患者44例为对照组,使用百特公司腹带。比较两组患者隧道出口感染率、出血率、滑脱比例、舒适度的差异。结果:两组外接短管受牵拉导致的隧道出口感染、出血率、滑脱比例、舒适度均有显著差异(P0.01)。结论:腹膜透析外接短管立体固定袋能很好保护腹透短管,避免外接短管移动脱出,降低隧道口出血、感染率。     

爱康肤银敷料与传统方法处理腹膜透析患者导管出口处感染的效果研究

目的比较爱康肤银敷料与传统方法处理腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果。方法选择2014年1月~2015年3月在我院行腹膜透析置管术符合条件的导管出口处感染患者86例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各43例。观察组给予爱康肤银敷料换药。对照组给予传统碘伏、庆大霉素、莫匹罗星软膏局部处理。比较两组导管出口处感染治愈率、愈合时间、再次感染率的差异。结果观察组导管出口处感染治愈率95.35%,较对照组81.39%显著升高(P0.05)。观察组愈合时间(13.27±5.14)d,显著短于对照组(20.05±4.76)d(P0.05)。两组再次感染率比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论爱康肤银敷料与传统换药方法比较,可明显提高腹膜透析导管出口处感染治愈率,缩短愈合时间及降低再次感染发生率。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.