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??OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint of Xianling Gubao Capsules (XLGB) by multi-wavelength HPLC-UVD-ELSD and determine the main representative components simultaneously, in order to provide reference for the overall quality control of XLGB.METHODS The separation was developed on Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈ column (4.6 mm??100 mm, 2.7 ??m) by gradient elution with methanol-water at 240, 270 and 334 nm, the temperature of drift tube was maintained at 105 ?? and the carrier gas flow rate was 2.0 L??min^-1. An HPLC-UVD-ELSD fingerprint of XLGB was set up, and 15 batches of XLGB were evaluated by similarity assay. Furthermore, the contents of the main representative components were determined on the premise of small disparities between batches. RESULTS The multi-wavelength HPLC-UVD-ELSD fingerprint of XLGB was established with good separation, and six chemical components were determined simultaneously. Thirty-one main characteristic peaks from six herbs of XLGB were chemically identified and 26 main characteristic peaks were assigned to individual herbs. The similarity of 15 batches of XLGB was about 0.943 to 0.997. Moreover, good linear relationships were found (r=0.999 0-0.999 6), and the average recovery rates were 98.5%-104.9%. CONCLUSION The method can be used for the overall quality control of XLGB with good specificity and high efficiency and is close to the actual production, which is promising to be further improved to be used as an industry internal control standard.     

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??OBJECTIVE To establish the content determination method for dihydroartemisinin(DHA). METHODS The high performance liquid chromatography was carried out on a column packed with octadecylsilane bonded silica gel (CAPCELL PAK C₁₈ MG??,4.6 mm??100 mm,3 ??m), using a mixture of acetonitrile-water (60??40) as the mobile phase.Dimethylsulfoxide was chosen as the solvent for the DHA bulk drug.The detection wavelength was set at 216 nm and the flow rate was 0.6 mL??min^-1. RESULTS The linear range of DHA calibration curve was 0.505 35-50.535 ??g (r=0.999 9). CONCLUSION Compared with the method included in ChP, the precision of the established content determination method is improved significantly. It is accurate, reliable, convenient, and has good reproducibility for content determination of DHA.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of microwave radiation on learning and memory abilities in mice,and to study pilose antler peptide??s intervention. METHODS Fifty mice were divided into five groups randomly, designated as control group, radiation group, pilose antler peptide (25, 50, and 100 mg??kg^-1) groups. Learning and memory impairment model in mice was established by microwave radiation of 2 450 MHz average surface power, 10.0 mW??cm^-2 for 90 min every day for 28 d .The radiation rats were treated with low-, mid-, and high-dose (25, 50, and 100 mg??kg^-1) pilose antler peptide by sc injection for 28 d. The learning and memory ability of mice was determined by avoiding darkness experiment and Y maze experiment.The contents of S100B, tumor necrosis factor-??(TNF-??), interleukin-10(IL-10), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide(NO) in the brain of mice were determined respectively after the behavioral experiments. RESULTS Compared with control group, radiation group could shorten the latency of avoiding darkness experiments, increase the numbers of errors both in avoiding darkness experiment and in Y maze experiment. Radiation group could rise the contents of S100B ,TNF-??, IL-10, MDA and NO in the brain of mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with radiation group, pilose antler peptide (50, 100 mg??kg^-1) groups could lengthen the latency of avoiding darkness experiments, significantly shorten the numbers of errors both in avoiding darkness experiment and in Y maze experiment, and reduce the contents of S100B ,TNF-??, MDA and NO, increase the content of IL-10 in the brain of mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Pilose antler peptide could significantly perfect the learning and memory ability of mice exposed to microwave radiation. The mechanism may be related to its anti-oxidative actions by anti-inflammatory action , further lowering neurotoxic effects of NO.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the anti-inflammatory active constituents of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel. METHODS The compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and ODS column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analyses and physicochemical properties. The anti-inflammatory activities of selected isolated compounds were evaluated as inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO) production in RAW264.7 cell lines by Griess reaction. RESULTS Eight compounds were obtained from n-butanol fraction of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel,whose structures were elucidated as 4-O-ethylgallic acid(1), gallic acid(2), citric acid(3), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloylglucose(4),1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose(5), hyperoside(6), quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside(7), and mangiferin(8). Compounds 1, 2 and 4-8 exhibited potent inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-induced macrophages, especially compounds 6 and 8 showed the best inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 16.5 and 19.5 ??mol??L^-1, respectively. CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 3-8 were obtained from Mangifera indica L. seed kernel for the first time. Compounds 1, 2 and 4-8 are the anti-inflammatory active constituents of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel. Compounds 6 and 8 are the most potent anti-inflammatory active constituents.     

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??Presently interests are growing in the field of surface free energy(SFE). With the further research, more particle design engineering based on SFE are summarized via characterizing the related properties of SFE during the process of particle design. SFE of materials will vary with changing the physical properties of particles via modifying the surface of particles with particle design. In this study, we summarized the application of SFE in powder micronization, particle modification, mixing, coating, pelletilization and granulation, etc. Dispersive-polar model and adhesion-cohesion model were established based on the parameters of SFE. The application of the two models were also illustrated in the particle design engineering.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the effects and mechanisms of apple polysaccharides(AP) on tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. METHODS AP was obtained from apple pomace and its protective efficacy was evaluated on carcinogenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The effects of AP on TLR4/MyD88/NF-??B pathway were measured using immunohistochemistry , ELISA and Western blot.The serum were collected and TNF-?? was measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS After 20 weeks of continuous treatment, the incidence of colon cancer formation was 95% in the mice treated with AOM/DSS (model group), and these reduced to 26%, 10% and 5% in AP (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%) treatment group respectively. Western blot analysis demonstrated that TLR4 (membrane protein), MyD88, NF-??B p65 (nuclear protein) expression decreased significantly at protein level; and the secretion of TNF-?? decreased in control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION AP could protect ICR mice from CACC effectively and the possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/ NF-??B pathways.     

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??OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism and the protective effect of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose(AFG) on the kidney of diabetic nephropathy(DN) mice and the correlation between TGF-??1 and collagen ??. METHODS Twelve mice were randomly selected as control group; all others were induced by streptozotocin (STZ). The mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, each of which has 12 mice, DN model group, metformin group, 10,20,40 mg??kg^-1 AFG group; each group was treated for 5 weeks, during when mice were weighed weekly and blood glucose concentration were measured. At the end of 5 weeks, the final body weight and the renal index of the mice was calculated; 24 h urinary protein and blood biochemical indexes were recorded (TC, TG, HDL-C, SCr, BUN, SOD, GSH, CAT, T-AOC); the pathological changes of the kidney was observed using HE staining. The expressions of TGF-??1 and collagen ?? mRNA in kidneys were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS The levels of urinary protein, TC, TG and HDL-C in the AFG group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The contents of SOD, GSH, CAT and T-AOC in the AFG-treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Pathological condition was relieved; the mRNA expression of TGF-??1 and collagen ?? in the kidneys of each dose group was significantly lower than that of the control group. CONCLUSION AFG protects the kidneys by reducing the total amount of 24 h urinary protein, decreasing renal pathological damage and decreasing the expression of TGF-??1 and collagen ?? genes in kidney.     

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??OBJECTIVE To study the preventing effects of p-coumaric acid(p-CA) on acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema by mice experiments. METHODS Acute-hypoxia model was established using a normobaric hypoxia chamber in vivo. Salidroside was set as a positive control drug. And the test period was 7 d using a method of intragastric administration. The measurements including pulmonary water content, HE staining, inflammatory factors, anti-oxidative indexes and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were performed to determine the efficacies and mechanisms of p-CA on preventive against acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema. RESULTS As compared with the normal group, pulmonary water contents increased significantly by 3.56% in the mice treated with acute hypoxia (9.5% O₂) for 6 h (control group) (P<0.01), and administration with p-CA (25, 100 mg??kg^-1??d^-1) for 7 d could significantly reduce this index (P<0.05), which was as effective as the positive group. The action mechanisms of p-CA could be due to its abilities of improving the activity of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, enhancing antioxidant capacity (SOD??, CAT?? and MDA??) and inhibiting inflammatory factors (IL-1?? and IL-6). CONCLUSION p-CA has greater preventive effects on acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema in mice.     

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??OBJECTIVE To observe the renal protective effect of cultivated and wild Cordyceps sinensis on the the model mice of kidney-Yang deficiency, and to compare the differences of pharmacological effects between cultivated and wild Cordyceps sinensis. METHODS The model mice of kidney-Yang deficiency was induced by hydrocortisone in male mice which were randomly divided into seven groups: high dose group of cultivated Cordyceps sinensis, low dose of cultivated Cordyceps sinensis, high dose group of wild Cordyceps sinensis, low dose group of wild Cordyceps sinensis, control group, model group and positive drug group. The seven groups'index of physical status, swimming duration, gonad organ and immune organ, renal and testicular histology were observed. RESULTS Both cultivated and wild Cordyceps sinensis increased the body weight, prolonged the swimming time, improved sexual organ and immune organ index, ameliorated the pathological changes in renal and testicular histology, and enhanced the antioxidant ability of the model mice of kidney-Yang deficiency. There was no obvious difference in renal protective effect between cultivated and wild Cordyceps sinensis. CONCLUSION Both cultivated and wild Cordyceps sinensis can improve the kidney-Yang deficiency in male mice induced by hydrocortisone. Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis can be used as the alternative choice of wild Cordyceps sinensis in clinic.     

甘康冲剂对D-半乳糖胺诱导小鼠化学性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨甘康冲剂对D-半乳糖胺(D-GalN)致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法:建立D-GalN诱导小鼠化学性肝损伤模型,分光光度法检测血清中ALT、AST水平和肝匀浆中MDA、NO含量。结果:甘康(200,400和800mg.kg-1)灌胃给药一周均能降低血清中升高的转氨酶水平,使升高的肝脾指数降低;同时发现甘康可降低肝匀浆中升高的MDA和NO水平。结论:甘康颗粒剂对D-GalN致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制与抗肝细胞氧化等有关。     

苦参碱对刀豆蛋白A致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨苦参碱对刀豆蛋白 A(Con A)所致肝损伤的防治作用.方法 48只 NIH小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、苦参碱 25 mg/kg组、苦参碱 12.5 mg/kg组和联苯双酯治疗组.除正常对照组外,其他组于实验首日静脉注射 Con A 20 mg/kg,苦参碱两个剂量组均采用尾静脉注射给药,联苯双酯组按 150 mg/kg灌胃口服,每天 1次,连续 3 d,末次给药后 4 h,再次静脉注射 Con A 20 mg/kg,8 h后检测血浆 ALT活性及 IFN-γ和 TNF-α含量,观察肝组织病理学变化.结果苦参碱 25 mg/kg组、12.5 mg/kg组小鼠 ALT活性及 IFN-γ和 TNF-α含量均明显低于模型组,有显著性差异(P<0.01);苦参碱两个剂量组肝脏病理改变明显减轻.结论苦参碱对 Con A所致小鼠肝损伤具有较好的防治作用,抑制 T淋巴细胞活化和 IFN-γ、TNF-α的释放可能是其主要的作用机制.     

四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤药理作用研究

目的探讨白藜芦醇对四氯化碳(CCl₄)引起的小鼠急性肝损伤的药理作用。方法购买SPF级健康昆明种雄性小鼠50只,体质量18～22 g,随机分为5组,通过腹腔注射CCl₄致使小鼠肝急性炎症损伤,不同剂量的白藜芦醇给予治疗,2周后,收集小鼠静脉血检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)及门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的表达量;适量肝组织匀浆后,ELISA试剂盒检测各组小鼠肝内炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-1β的表达差异。肝匀浆后对丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行检测,观察白藜芦醇对急性肝损伤的保护作用。结果 CCl₄能够成功诱导小鼠急性肝损伤,白藜芦醇降低肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、TBIL和AST活性,降低肝内MDA含量,提高肝内SOD、CAT活性,逆转血清中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的表达,各项指标呈剂量依赖性地受到改变。结论白藜芦醇对CCl₄诱导的肝损伤小鼠具有抗炎和抗氧化作用,降低MDA的活性,提高了...     

维药毛菊苣对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究毛菊苣不同提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用。方法昆明种小鼠468只,雌雄各半,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、水飞蓟宾阳性对照组(47 mg·kg-1)、毛菊苣种子提取物Ⅰ低、中、高剂量组(8,12,16 mg·kg-1)、提取物Ⅱ低、中、高剂量组(2,3,4 mg·kg-1)、提取物Ⅲ低、中、高剂量组(8,11,14 mg·kg-1)、提取物Ⅳ低、中、高剂量组(70,105,140 mg·kg-1)和提取物Ⅴ低、中、高剂量组(30,45,60 mg·kg-1)、毛菊苣全草提取物Ⅵ低、中、高剂量组(30,45,60 mg·kg-1)、提取物Ⅶ低、中、高剂量组(7,11,15 mg·kg-1)、提取物Ⅷ低、中、高剂量组(11,17,23mg·kg-1)、提取物Ⅸ低、中、高剂量组(130,195,260 mg·kg-1)和提取物Ⅹ低、中、高剂量组(170,260,350 mg·kg-1)。口服10 ml·kg-1的0.2%CCl4橄榄油溶液造极性肝损伤模型,观察各提取物对小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性的影响,并观察肝脏病理组织学变化。结果对CCl4引起的肝损伤动物模型,毛菊苣种子和全草各提取物各剂量组均能不同程度地减低小鼠血清ALT和AST活性(P<0.05或P<0.01),并能不同程度地改善肝脏病理组织损伤,其中种子和全草的乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位显示较强的肝保护作用。结论亲脂性成分和亲水性成分均为毛菊苣肝保护作用的有效成分,该药材具有多成分综合作用的特点,进一步深入阐明其保肝作用化学成分意义重大。     

榴莲壳醇提物对应激性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的探讨榴莲壳醇提物对拘束负荷诱发小鼠应激性肝损伤的保护作用。方法拘束负荷18h诱发小鼠应激性肝损伤，分别用赖氏法测定小鼠血浆丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）活性、硫代巴比妥酸法测定血浆丙二醛（MDA）水平、HPLC法测定肝组织谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量、Griess化学法测定肝组织一氧化氮（NO）含量，荧光酶标仪测定体外抗氧化能力指数（ORAC）。结果与拘束负荷模型组相比，榴莲壳醇提物可以明显降低拘束负荷小鼠血浆ALT活性，有效地降低拘束负荷小鼠血浆MDA水平与肝组织NO含量，对肝组织GSH含量也有一定程度的改善作用；榴莲壳醇提物显示出较强的体外抗氧化能力。结论榴莲壳醇提物对拘束负荷诱发小鼠应激性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用，其作用机制可能与清除自由基和减少拘束负荷小鼠氧化应激水平有关。     

五灵丸与五灵胶囊对免疫性肝损伤小鼠作用的研究

目的：研究并比较五灵丸与五灵胶囊对大鼠肝纤维化的作用。方法：采用四氯化碳（CCl4）致大鼠肝纤维化,化学法测定血清羟脯氨酸（HYP）含量,放免法测定血清与肝匀浆Ⅰ型前胶原（PCⅠ）和Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）水平,免疫组化法检测肝组织肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、纤连蛋白（FN）的表达。免疫组化方法检测肝组织中TNF和FN,HE染色观察肝组织细胞形态。结果：五灵丸与五灵胶囊均能显著降低肝纤维化大鼠血清PCⅠ、PCⅢ和肝匀浆HYP、PCⅠ。五灵胶囊组大鼠肝组FN表达量明显少于模型组。五灵丸组与五灵胶囊组小鼠肝组织内TNF与FN物质呈强阳性。枯否细胞增生肥大,内皮细胞被激活。结论：五灵胶囊确定有抗肝纤维化作用。五灵丸与五灵胶囊均能稳定肝细胞、阻止TNF和FN参与肝损伤的进程。     

牛樟芝浓缩胶囊对小鼠急性酒精肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究牛樟芝浓缩胶囊对小鼠急性酒精肝损伤的保护作用。方法 50只小鼠随机分成5组,空白对照组,模型对照组,牛樟芝浓缩胶囊低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,采用乙醇诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,观察牛樟芝浓缩胶囊对小鼠肝组织中TG,MDA,GSH含量及肝组织病理变化的影响。结果模型对照组小鼠肝组织中的TG、MDA含量高于空白对照组,GSH含量低于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。牛樟芝浓缩胶囊低、中、高剂量组TG、MDA含量低于模型对照组,GSH高于模型对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论牛樟芝浓缩胶囊对小鼠急性酒精肝损伤具有显著保护作用。     

毛橘红总黄酮对酒精性肝损伤大鼠的保肝作用

目的研究毛橘红总黄酮对酒精性肝损伤大鼠的保肝作用,为毛橘红的综合开发利用提供实验依据。方法分别用毛橘红总黄酮和五子衍宗丸对已造模成功的雄性SD大鼠给药,检测大鼠血清中ALT和AST含量以及肝组织中肝蛋白,肝糖原,MDA,SOD含量。结果与模型组比较,毛橘红总黄酮各剂量组均能降低ALT,AST,MDA含量和提高肝蛋白和SOD含量;低、高剂量组能降低肝糖原含量,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论毛橘红总黄酮对酒精性肝损伤大鼠的肝脏具有一定的保护作用。     

沉香醇提物对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨沉香醇提物对四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:采用CCl4腹腔注射制备小鼠急性肝损伤模型,给药处理后计算肝脏指数;检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性;肝组织匀浆液中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、一氧化氮(NO)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD);肝脏进行病理切片观察;酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测血清中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-10(IL-10)的表达水平。结果:与模型组相比,通体沉香醇提物能剂量依赖性显著降低血清ALT、AST活性,降低MPO活性、NO含量,提高T-AOC能力及SOD活性;缓解肝脏组织病理损伤;减低IL-1β和升高IL-10的表达水平,且通体沉香醇提物高剂量效果最好,优于等剂量的野生沉香和火烙沉香醇提物。结论:沉香醇提物对肝损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化应激,抑制脂质过氧化及抗炎作用有关。     

黄芪甲苷对“铁超载”所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的:研究黄芪甲苷对铁超载造成肝损伤保护的作用机制。方法:小鼠按体质量随机分为空白组,模型组、黄芪甲苷(As)低、中、高剂量组。连续给药45 d,取血清,检测血清Fe,总铁结合力(total iron binding capacity,TIBC),丙氨酸氨基转移酶(glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,ALT),天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,AST),总胆红素(total bilirubin,T-BIL),丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA),谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平;用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察肝脏病理组织学变化;用免疫组化法分析肝脏组织蛋白硝化的表达变化;用原位末端转移酶标记技术(TUNEL)染色法观察肝细胞凋亡的变化。结果:与空白组比较,模型组小鼠血清中血清Fe,ALT,AST,MDA,肝中铁和T-BIL含量显著增加(P0.01),而TIBC和GSH含量显著降低(P0.05,P0.01);与模型组比较,黄芪甲苷组小鼠血清中血清Fe,ALT,AST,MDA水平,及肝中Fe和TBIL含量显著降低(P0.05,P0.01),肝中TIBC和GSH含量显著增高(P0.05,P0.01);HE结果显示,与空白组比较,铁超载组可见肝细胞水样变性、肝细胞脂肪变性和炎症细胞浸润等;不同浓度黄芪甲苷组的上述病理改变得以改善;免疫组化结果发现,与空白组比较,铁超载组血管周围细胞浆中3-硝基酪氨酸(3-NT)显著增加,而黄芪甲苷组血管膜周围的3-硝基酪氨酸则显著减少;TUNEL染色发现与空白组比较,模型组肝细胞凋亡显著增多;与模型组比较,黄芪甲苷组肝细胞凋亡显著减少。结论:黄芪甲苷对铁超载造成的肝损伤具有保护作用。