线粒体脑肌病的临床与病理

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病的临床与肌肉病理特点。方法对16例肌活检证实的线粒体脑肌病病例的临床表现、肌肉组织化学及超微结构进行分析。结果16例患者破碎红纤维(RRF)的平均比例为5.9%,11例有中央核增多,13例的SDH/CCO双染示12例有蓝纤维,且与RRF的分布一致。超微结构观察有4例找到典型晶格状包涵体。结论SDH/CCO双染有蓝纤维为线粒体肌病的诊断提供了依据,借此可与其他肌病鉴别。     

线粒体脑肌病的临床、病理及影像学特点

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病(ME)的临床、病理及影像学特点。方法回顾性分析20例ME患者的临床资料。结果本组中,慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹(CPEO)7例;肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)6例;线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸中毒以及卒中样发作(MELAS)5例;Leigh综合征(LS)2例。临床表现为眼睑下垂7例(35%),肢体无力12例(60%),癫痫10例(50%),卒中样发作5例(25%)和精神智能障碍9例(45%)。8例患者血肌酸激酶升高;7例患者行血乳酸水平检查,均不同程度增高。EMG显示肌源性损害8例,神经源性损害4例,周围神经损害2例,正常6例。头颅MRI表现为脑萎缩、脑白质变性和不符合血管分布的卒中样改变。骨骼肌病理可见破碎红纤维(RRF)和SDH染色肌间小血管强染(SSV);细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)酶活性减低或缺失。电镜下线粒体结构和/或数量异常。结论 ME临床表现复杂多样,多有骨骼肌和脑受累。RRF和SSV是ME主要病理表现。     

线粒体肌病和脑肌病患者骨骼肌细胞线粒体DNA缺失分析

目的为了检测线粒体肌病和脑肌病患者的骨骼肌细胞的线粒体ＤＮＡ的缺失情况。方法从６例原发性线粒体肌病和１例脑肌病患者的骨骼肌活检标本中，提取总ＤＮＡ，以线粒体ＤＮＡ全长为探针进行分子杂交。结果发现１例ＭＥＲＲＦ患者有５ｋｂ的线粒体ＤＮＡ基因缺失，另１例线粒体肌病患者有１５ｋｂ的线粒体ＤＮＡ基因缺失，剂量分析表明缺失型线粒体ＤＮＡ分别占总线粒体ＤＮＡ的１９．３％和１０．７％。结论线粒体ＤＮＡ基因缺失是线粒体疾病的重要病因之一     

线粒体脑肌病2例临床、影像及病理分析

目的分析2例线粒体脑肌病临床、影像及病理特点。方法对我院收治的两例线粒体脑肌病患者,行头CT、MRI、CTA及病理检查。结果临床特征及影像学特征支持线粒体脑肌病诊断,经病理证实确诊。结论线粒体脑肌病具有特征临床、影像及病理特点,但早期诊断仍较困难。     

线粒体脑肌病患者的基因突变研究

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病患者骨骼肌细胞线粒体DNA基因突变情况及发病机制。方法 观察总结5例线粒体脑肌病患者的临床表现,影像学变化特点,并应用PCR、限制性内切酶BglⅠ、ApaⅠ酶切,PAGE电泳鉴定DNA片段长度的方法,检测5例患者骨骼肌细胞中mtDNA是否发生nt3243和8344位点A→G突变。结果 5例患者（3例MELAS和2例MERRF）在临床表现和影像学改变等方面均与国外学者的研究结果相符。1例MELAS患者仅存在3243A→G点突变,1例MERRF患者存在8344A→G点突变,1例MERRF上述2个位点均存在突变。另2例呈家系起病的MELAS患者这2个位点都无突变。结论 3243及8344位点突变分别与MELAS和MERRF的发病有关,MERRF患者可以同时存在上述2个位点的突变。临床表现仍是确诊和分类的主要依据。Ⅰ     

线粒体脑肌病患者脑动脉影像学特点研究

目的:探索线粒体脑肌病患者脑动脉影像学特点。方法:对6例明确诊断为线粒体脑肌病患者进行头颅MRI、MRA和或(DSA)检查。结果:5例线粒体脑肌病患者MRA或DSA异常,其中3例表现为颅内大血管狭窄,2例表现为血管分支稀疏;病例1的颅内病灶、层状坏死符合血管分布,与其病变血管一致。结论:线粒体脑肌病患者合并颅内动脉异常,且有的动脉异常与层状坏死有相关性。     

线粒体肌病与线粒体脑肌病的临床分析

目的探讨神经肌肉系统线粒体病的发病机制、临床与病理特征及诊断。方法对7例确诊为线粒体病患者的临床表现、病理检查、实验室与影像学资料进行了回顾性分析。结果该组患者诊断为线粒体肌病3例,线粒体脑肌病4例;其中2例患者血乳酸水平升高;7例患者肌电图均有异常发现,肌肉活检均有特征性的改变;4例线粒体脑肌病患者头部影像学均有异常改变。结论线粒体病主要累及肌肉及中枢神经系统,诊断要求多种手段结合,以临床和病理表现为主,近年来基因方面的研究及影像学诊断发展迅速,目前对本病主要采取对症治疗。     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床、病理及影像学研究

目的：探讨线粒体脑肌病中ELAS型的临床、影像学、组织病理学特点及 诊断方法。方法：对4例MELAS患者的临床、影像学（CT、MRI）及组织商理学特点进行系统分析,观察3例患者的肌活检及2例患者的脑活检结果。结果：患者主要临床表现为运动不耐受、发作性头痛和呕吐,局灶或全身性癫痫,认知障碍,脑卒中样发作,神经性耳聋、肥厚性心肌病、内分泌功能紊乱,乳酸水平升高及身材矮小等,肌电图示肌源性改变,脑CT及MRI示病灶多位于枕、顶、颞叶脑回处、CT可见基底节及小脑钙化,肌肉组织可见不整红边纤维（RRF）和异常线粒体,脑活检灰质呈分层性坏死,小血管弥漫增生、星形胶质细胞增生及钙沉积,符合MELAS型诊断,结论：根据MELAS的临床及影像学特点,并结合肌肉及脑组织活检可对该病进行早期诊断。     

原发性线粒体肌病和脑肌病

线粒体病的病变如侵犯骨骼肌为主 ,称为线粒体肌病。如病变除侵犯骨骼肌外 ,尚侵犯中枢神经系统 ,则称为线粒体脑肌病 ,主要包括 :Kearns Sayre综合征 (KSS)、慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪 (CPEO)、肌阵挛性癫 疒间 伴蓬毛样红纤维 (MERRF)、线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作 (MELAS)。如病变侵犯中枢神经系统为主 ,则称为线粒体脑病 ,如Leber遗传性视神经病 (LHON)、亚急性坏死性脑脊髓病 (SNE或Leigh病 )、Alpers病及Menkes病等[1] 。另外 ,尚有大量中间类型。1　病因和发病机制线粒体病主要由线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的突变造成 ,…     

Neuropsychological status of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies

We studied 15 patients suffering from mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (MEM) by a neuropsychological screening procedure. Eight of the patients were diagnosed as having progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), four mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and three Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). Based on test results covering memory, orientation, non-verbal intelligence, drawing, arithmetics, word list generation, trail making and digit span, only four patients were regarded as normal, two in the PEO and two in the KSS groups, while five patients were found to be demented (two patients in the PEO and three patients in the MELAS groups). Although memory problems were very common, it is concluded that no uniform pattern of neuropsychological deficits is seen in MEM, that MELAS patients apparently are severely handicapped cognitively, and that considerable mental deterioration may be seen even with normal computer-assisted tomography findings.     

Alteration in the copy number of mitochondrial DNA in leukocytes of patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) affects the copy number of the mitochondrial genome in patients with mitochondrial myopathy encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and those with myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber (MERRF) syndromes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight Taiwanese patients with MELAS syndrome and 20 patients with MERRF syndrome were recruited in this study. RESULTS: In relation to controls, the copy numbers of mtDNA in leukocytes of patients with MELAS or MERRF syndrome were significantly higher at a young age but lower at an advanced age. In addition, MELAS patients harboring higher proportions of mtDNA with A3243G transition had lower mtDNA copy numbers. The MELAS or MERRF patients with multi-system disorders had lower mtDNA copy numbers in leukocytes. Furthermore, higher proportions of mtDNA with 4977 bp deletion were found in leukocytes of MERRF patients with multi-system involvement. CONCLUSION: In leukocytes, alteration in the copy number of mtDNA is related to the proportion of mtDNA with a point mutation or large-scale deletion, which may serve as a biomarker in the pathogenesis and disease progression of MELAS and MERRF syndromes.     

Superoxide dismutases of muscle in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies

Lmmunohistochemical analyses were made of the superoxide dismutases (Mn-SOD and CuiZn-SOD) in biopsied muscles from 7 patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies that included mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS), and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). Mn-SOD mainly was present in the subsarcolemmal region, but it also was found in a coarsely granular, reticular, or diffuse pattern of staining within the muscle fibers. These Mn-SOD-positive fibers corresponded almost completely to the ragged-red fibers. The immunoreaction for CuiZn-SOD was weakly positive in some of the muscle fibers positive for Mn-SOD. In CPEO, Mn-SOD-positive fibers predominantly showed decreased cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. In MELAS, Mn-SOD-positive fibers tended to be stained deeply for COX although a few were COX-negative. These findings suggest that Mn-SOD-positive fibers can be used to make a differential diagnosis between CPEO and MELAS and that in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies Mn-SOD in the raggedred fibers may protect against oxidative stress. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Content of mutant mitochondrial DNA and organ dysfunction in a patient with a MELAS subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies

A point mutation of mitochondrial tRNA^Leu(UUR) gene is responsible for a MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. In most cases, the mutant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coexists with normal mtDNA in a heteroplasmic manner. In order to quantify the content of mutant mtDNA, we developed a quantitative method of PCR. Using this method, the distribution of the mutant mtDNA was examined in 32 different tissues among 18 autopsied organs from a patient with MELAS, who had shown hypophyseal dysfunction. The percentage of the mutant mtDNA at nucleotide number 3243 in each tissue was ranged between 22% and 95%. The content of the mutant mtDNA was at the highest (95%) in the hypophysis and higher in the cerebral cortex than in the white matter. This study shows a possible correlation of tissue dysfunction with accumulation of the mutant mtDNA within the brain.     

Muscle computed tomography patterns in patients with the mitochondrial DNA mutation 3243A>G

Abstract. Computed tomography provides a sensitive method for investigating skeletal muscle changes in neuromuscular diseases, but this method has not been applied to mitochondrial myopathies. We characterized the pattern of muscle involvement in patients with the 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the common MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) mutation. Twenty-four patients, age 19–73 years, with 3243A>G were examined. Clinical evaluation included assessment of muscle strength and functional capacity. All the patients underwent muscle computed tomography, and muscle samples from 17 of them were examined for the presence of ragged red fibres and for the 3243A>G heteroplasmy. Venous blood lactate at rest and serum creatine kinase were determined. Clinical myopathy was found in six patients, while nine showed mild muscle weakness and nine had normal muscle function. The upper and lower limbs were equally affected, but the proximal muscles were more severely affected than the distal ones. CT revealed abnormalities in the muscles of 13 patients (54%; 95% confidence interval, 33–76%), including the six with clinical myopathy and seven without clinical myopathy. Myopathic changes were found most frequently in the pelvic muscles, with predominant involvement of the gluteus maximus. These data show that CT reveals frequent abnormal findings in the muscle of patients with the 3243A>G mtDNA mutation.Muscle CT is a useful adjunct to clinical evaluation in these patients.     

复发性脑膜瘤的影像学与病理学特点

目的探讨复发性脑膜瘤的影像学与病理学特点。方法分析24例复发性和96例非复发性脑膜瘤的影像学表现及病理学特点。结果复发组与非复发组在肿瘤形状、有无瘤内坏死、有无钙化、有无骨质改变及病理类型之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而两组在肿瘤大小、有无硬脑膜尾征及瘤周水肿程度之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肿瘤呈蘑菇形,有瘤内坏死、钙化,骨质改变;病理类型不典型或恶性者,可作为复发性脑膜瘤的影像学与病理学特点。     

Clinical factors associated with postictal headache in Chinese patients with partial epilepsy

PurposeTo investigate the incidence of postictal headache (PIH) and the factors potentially related to the occurrence of PIH in a Chinese epileptic center.MethodsConsecutive adult patients with epilepsy, referred to the outpatient clinic of the Epilepsy Center of the PLA General Hospital between February 01, 2012, and May 10, 2013, were recruited to this study. 854 patients with partial epilepsy completed a questionnaire regarding headache, 466 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 82 patients with occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) and 306 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). A semi-structured interview was performed in those who confirmed headache.ResultsPIH occurred in 328 (38.41%) of the subjects. By type of epilepsy, PIH was found in 164 (35.19%) of the patients with TLE, 46 (56.01%) of the patients with OLE, and 118 (38.56%) of the patients with FLE. The incidence of PIH in OLE was significantly higher than in TLE and FLE (P < 0.05). It occurs more frequently after generalized tonic–clonic seizures than other seizure types. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age at onset, type of seizure and classification of epilepsy were each significantly related to the occurrence of PIH.ConclusionThe results of our study revealed possible relationships between PIH and the region of epileptic focus and area of spread of epileptic discharges.     

偏侧萎缩症的临床与病理研究 (附1例报道及文献复习)

目的了解偏侧萎缩症的临床特点、病理组织学和超微结构改变。方法对1例单纯右下肢萎缩患者的临床表现、实验室检查、组织病理学及超微结构进行分析。结果患者右下肢皮肤变薄,皮下组织几乎消失,肌肉轻度萎缩,骨骼变短,神经系统检查和相关实验室检查均无异常,患肢皮肤和肌肉活检在光镜下见肌纤维散在萎缩,肌膜炎性细胞浸润,血管壁明显增厚,管腔狭窄,皮肤各层组织变薄,皮下脂肪组织减少;电镜下见在有病变的肌纤维内线粒体减少并空泡样变,肌细胞胞核数目减少,胞核周围胞浆内可见异常颗粒沉积。结论单纯一个肢体萎缩可能是偏侧萎缩症的一个特殊类型。     

Investigation on the mitochondrial transfer RNALeu(UUR) in blood cells from patients with cluster headache

Various mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA^Leu(UUR) gene give rise to a variety of neurological disorders. Among these, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS syndrome) are frequently associated with a tRNA^Leu(UUR) mutation at nucleotide position 3243 of the mitochondrial DNA. A supplementary clinical feature seen in these patients is headache in early life. Recently, a tRNA^Leu(UUR) mutation at nucleotide position 3243 has been found in a patient presenting with cluster headache. This led us to examine the mitochondrial genomes of 22 patients presenting with cluster headache. None of the patients harboured the reported tRNA^Leu(UUR) mutation or any other length variations of the mtDNA. Cluster headache is most likely not causally associated with the A3243G mutation of the mitochondrial DNA.