改良桃胶的不同配伍对复杂成分均衡释放的影响

目的 阐明改良桃胶的不同配伍(用量、填充剂)对复杂成分均衡释放的影响.方法 以喘平方为模型药,改良桃胶为缓释辅料,采用体外释放度结合HPLC法,测定喘平缓释片的指标成分(麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱、东莨菪碱)释放度,计算累积释放曲线斜率(K)值,评价指标成分间是否均衡释放.结果 不同配伍考察中,当填充剂为淀粉、淀粉/糊精、淀粉/微晶纤维素(MCC)时,各指标成分K值接近,实现了均衡释放;而与糊精、MCC配伍时,K值差异较大,无法均衡释放.随着改良桃胶辅料用量的增加,释药时间延长,指标成分的K值基本一致,达到均衡释放.结论 不同填充剂与改良桃胶配伍,会影响中药复方缓释制剂复杂成分的均衡释放;不同处方用量的改良桃胶,会影响药物的释放时间,但不影响其均衡释放.     

HPLC法测定天仙子东莨菪碱和莨菪碱的含量

目的建立天仙子药材中东莨菪碱和莨菪碱的高效液相测定方法。方法采用Symmetrix ODS-H色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸水(14∶86)为流动相,检测波长210nm,流速1.0mL/min,测定天仙子药材中东莨菪碱和莨菪碱的含量。结果氢溴酸东莨菪碱和硫酸阿托品的线性范围分别为4.02~513.64μg/mL(r=0.999 9)和4.00~512.00μg/mL(r=0.999 8),平均回收率分别为98.41%和98.79%。结论 HPLC法测定准确、可控,能快速、简便地控制天仙子药材的质量。     

The cognition-enhancing activity of E1R,a novel positive allosteric modulator of sigma-1 receptors

Background and Purpose

Here, we describe the in vitro and in vivo effects of (4R,5S)-2-(5-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-acetamide (E1R), a novel positive allosteric modulator of sigma-1 receptors.

Experimental Approach

E1R was tested for sigma receptor binding activity in a [³H](+)-pentazocine assay, in bradykinin (BK)-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) assays and in an electrically stimulated rat vas deferens model. E1R''s effects on cognitive function were tested using passive avoidance (PA) and Y-maze tests in mice. A selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist (NE-100), was used to study the involvement of the sigma-1 receptor in the effects of E1R. The open-field test was used to detect the effects of E1R on locomotion.

Key Results

Pretreatment with E1R enhanced the selective sigma-1 receptor agonist PRE-084''s stimulating effect during a model study employing electrically stimulated rat vasa deferentia and an assay measuring the BK-induced [Ca²⁺]_i increase. Pretreatment with E1R facilitated PA retention in a dose-related manner. Furthermore, E1R alleviated the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment during the PA and Y-maze tests in mice. The in vivo and in vitro effects of E1R were blocked by treatment with the selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist NE-100. E1R did not affect locomotor activity.

Conclusion and Implications

E1R is a novel 4,5-disubstituted derivative of piracetam that enhances cognition and demonstrates efficacy against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in mice. These effects are attributed to its positive modulatory action on the sigma-1 receptor and this activity may be relevant when developing new drugs for treating cognitive symptoms related to neurodegenerative diseases.     

东莨菪碱对氯胺酮依赖者焦虑障碍治疗的临床疗效观察

目的：观察东莨菪碱对氯胺酮依赖者焦虑障碍的治疗效果。方法：对30例氯胺酮依赖者焦虑障碍给予东莨菪碱治疗,采用 HAMA 量表评价出院时,出院1、3月后的治疗效果。结果：治疗后患者焦虑症状消失,情绪明显改善,对氯胺酮的渴求明显减弱或消失。结论：东莨菪碱治疗氯胺酮依赖者焦虑障碍具有一定的疗效。     

Comparison of gastric peristalsis inhibition by scopolamine butylbromide and glucagon: evaluation by electrogastrography and analysis of heart rate variability

Background. Activation of glucagon receptors of the smooth muscle membrane suppresses gastric peristalsis. We evaluated autonomic nervous activity by two methods, electrogastrography (EGG) and analysis of heart rate variability, to compare the inhibiting effects of glucagon and scopolamine butylbromide on gastric peristalsis. Methods. Heart rate variability, EGG, and blood catecholamine levels were measured before and after administration of glucagon (G group), scopolamine butylbromide (SB group), or physiological saline (C group). Autonomic nervous function was evaluated using spectral analysis of heart rate variability, and low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) power; the LF/HF ratios were also determined. Results. After administration of scopolamine butylbromide, HF power, an index of parasympathetic nervous activity, decreased; and the LF/HF ratio, an index of sympathetic nervous activity, increased. In contrast, no significant change was observed in autonomic nervous activity after administration of glucagon. The peak power amplitudes of the EGG decreased significantly in the G and SB groups after intramuscular injection, but the difference between the groups was not significant. Furthermore, the dominant frequency increased significantly in the G and SB groups after injection. Serum catecholamine levels showed no significant changes after administration of scopolamine butylbromide or glucagon. Conclusions. Inhibition of gastric peristalsis by glucagon via glucagon receptors on smooth muscles did not influence autonomic nervous activity, unlike the results obtained after administration of scopolamine butylbromide. Therefore, glucagon may be safe for use with elderly patients and those with cardiopulmonary complications.     

实验性缺血再灌注心肌顿抑与一氧化氮的关系及东莨菪碱对其影响

目的探讨体外循环缺血再灌注心肌顿抑与心肌一氧化氮（ＮＯ）产生之间的关系及东莨菪碱对其影响。方法１２只绵羊，随机均分为：对照组和实验组：即东莨菪碱治疗组。常规建立体外循环，对照组主动脉阻断同时灌注冷停搏液（本院配方）；实验组，停搏液中加入东莨菪碱１７．５μｇ／ｋｇ。于主动脉阻断前、再灌注５分钟、再灌注３０分钟取冠状窦血检测ＮＯ、肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）、环磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）浓度，取心肌测定丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量，相应时点监测心功能。结果再灌注５分钟和３０分钟时，对照组心肌血的ＮＯ、ＣＫ、ｃＧＭＰ、ＭＤＡ均明显升高，与主动脉阻断前相比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．００１），和实验组相同时间点相比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）。两组再灌注５分钟和３０分钟时心肌功能均降低，对照组较实验组更为显著。再灌注后ＮＯ的变化与心肌ＭＤＡ和ＣＫ之间呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５和０．０１）。结论缺血再灌注心肌顿抑与ＮＯ产生增加有关，大量释放的ＮＯ提高心肌组织ｃＧＭＰ，参与心肌细胞脂质过氧化损害心肌功能。东莨菪碱减少ＮＯ产生、保护顿抑心肌的作用可能与其抗脂质过氧化有关。     

孟鲁司特对东莨菪碱模型小鼠学习记忆及脑内胆碱能神经的影响

目的：研究孟鲁司特（Mon）对东莨菪碱（Scop）致痴呆模型小鼠学习记忆及脑内胆碱能神经的影响。方法：将动物按体重随机分为5组,正常对照组[溶媒（Veh）＋Veh]、阴性对照组（Scop＋Veh）、阳性对照组[Scop＋多奈哌齐（Done）2．0mg／kg]、低剂量孟鲁司特组（Scop＋Mon 1.0mg／kg）、高剂量孟鲁司特组（Scop＋Mon2．0mg／kg）。灌胃给药,除正常对照组腹腔注射生理盐水外,其他各组小鼠给药前30min腹腔注射东莨菪碱（1．0mg·kg^-1·d^-1）,连续给药14d后采用Morris水迷宫和Y迷宫实验测定学习记忆功能,并测定脑海马及皮层乙酰胆碱（ACh）水平及乙酰胆碱酯酶（TChE）的活性。结果：与阴性对照组相比,孟鲁司特（1．0、2．0mg·kg^-1·d^-1）能显著缩短Morris水迷宫隐藏平台训练的潜伏期,增加动物在空间探索实验中对目标象限的搜索时间及原平台所在位置的穿越次数,增加Y迷宫实验中正确反应次数。孟鲁司特还能显著降低小鼠海马及皮层乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,增加乙酰胆碱含量。结论：孟鲁司特通过抑制东莨菪碱所致的痴呆小鼠脑内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性增加乙酰胆碱含量,继而改善小鼠学习记忆损害。     

Neuroprotection of N-benzylcinnamide on scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, affects learning and memory resulting from cholinergic dysfunction. Scopolamine has been employed to induce Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in vivo and in vitro through alteration of cholinergic system. N-benzylcinnamide(PT-3), purified from Piper submultinerve, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective properties against amyloid-β-induced neuronal toxicity in rat cortical primary cell culture and to improve spatial learning and memory of aged rats through alleviating oxidative stress. We proposed a hypothesis that PT3 has a neuroprotective effect against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction. PT-3(125–200 n M) pretreatment was performed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5 Y cell line following scopolamine induction. PT-3(125–200 n M) inhibited scopolamine(2 m M)-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, cellular apoptosis, upregulation of acetylcholinesterase activity, downregulation of choline acetyltransferase level, and activation of p38 and JNK signalling pathways. These findings revealed the underlying mechanisms of scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease-like cellular dysfunctions, which provide evidence for developing drugs for the treatment of this debilitating disease.     

激光氧液辅助治疗婴儿痉挛症的疗效观察

目的观察激光氧液辅助治疗婴儿痉挛症(WS)的近期临床效果。方法将5%葡萄糖按患儿体重10 ml/kg放入DJF-IA型多功能激光血液治疗仪石英袋中,接受He-Ne激光照射15 min并充氧(3 L/min),在制成的充氧液中加入东莨菪碱0.01~0.05 mg/kg,静脉输给患儿,1次/d,10 d为1疗程,同时保留原有的抗癫痫药物治疗。结果治疗前WS患儿发作频度为30 561次/月,激光氧液辅助治疗后为3938次/月,较原基线平均下降87.11%(P<0.01);有效率为90.63%(29/32)。结论激光氧液辅助治疗WS近期疗效较为满意,无明显不良反应。     

Anisocoria from transdermal scopolamine

A transdermal scopolamine patch is an effective medication for relieving motion sickness, treating nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy and decreasing withdrawal side-effects from wearing off opioids. A 14-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease and severe infection was admitted to the hospital because of left shoulder aspergillus' infection and pain. The patient required high dose opioid to control the shoulder pain. A unilateral fixed and dilated pupil was noted. We assumed this to be related to the advancing central nervous system aspergillosis. After extensive neurological 'work up', we realized that the anisocoria was related to the transdermal scopolamine patch that we had prescribed for weaning off the opioid.