Association of the time to first epinephrine administration and outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: SOS-KANTO 2012 study

Objective

This study assessed the association between the timing of first epinephrine administration (EA) and the neurological outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) with both initial shockable and non-shockable rhythms.

A randomized controlled trial: Comparison of one-per-mil tumescent technique and tourniquet in surgery for burn hand contracture in creating clear operative field and assessment of functional outcome

BackgroundThis study aims to compare the use of one-per-mil tumescent solution (a mixture of epinephrine and 0.2% lidocaine in a ratio of 1:1,000,000 in normal saline solution) and tourniquet to create clear operative fields and to evaluate the functional outcomes after post burn hand contracture surgery.MethodsThe subjects of this randomized controlled trial were divided into one-permil tumescent technique and tourniquet group for a similar surgical procedure. Three independent assessors evaluated the clarity of the operative fields through recorded videos for the first 15 min and the first 10-minute of each hour of the surgery. Functional outcome was evaluated at least three months postoperatively using total active and passive motion (TAM and TPM) of each digit. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were tested during baseline (5 min before the procedures), ischemia phase, and reperfusion phase (a phase when the blood flow returned to the tissue).Results35 subjects were included in this study: 17 in the tumescent group and 18 in the tourniquet group. We found a significant difference in the clarity of operative field between tumescent and tourniquet groups, 5 vs 35 bloodless operative fields, respectively (p < 0.05). TAM and TPM of each digit before surgery and 3 months postoperatively showed no significant difference between both groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, we found no difference in MDA and TNF-α levels between both groups at their respective phases.ConclusionsThe use of one-per-mil tumescent technique does not replace tourniquet use to create bloodless operative fields in burned hand contracture surgery. However, the postoperative functional results were similar in both groups showing that tumescent technique can be used as an alternative to tourniquet without compromising outcomes. The MDA and TNF-α examinations do not provide conclusive outcomes regarding ischemia and reperfusion injury.     

肾上腺素对氯普鲁卡因硬膜外阻滞患者药效学和药代动力学的影响

目的观察1:20万肾上腺素对3％盐酸氯普鲁卡因硬膜外阻滞患者药效学和药代动力学的影响。方法择期行下腹部手术患者20例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=10):盐酸氯普鲁卡因组(C组)和盐酸氯普鲁卡因加肾上腺素组(CE组)。分别用3％氯普鲁卡因6 mg·kg-1(C组)和含 1:20万肾上腺素3％氯普鲁卡因6 mg·kg-1(CE组)硬膜外阻滞,记录局麻药的起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间和给药后20min时运动阻滞程度;分别在给药前及给药后3、6、9、11、13、15、17、20、30、45、60、 90min采取桡动脉血1．5ml,高效液相色谱法检测血浆氯普鲁卡因浓度,经计算机软件拟合血药浓度 -时间曲线,并计算各项药代动力学参数。结果两组局麻药的起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间和运动阻滞程度差异无统计学意义。C、CE组血药浓度峰值(Cmax)分别为0．49±0．47、(0．32±0．22)mg· L-1,达峰值时间(Tmax)分别为8±3、(9±4)min;血药浓度曲线下面积(AUC)分别为10±6、(7±4)μg· min·ml-1;清除速率常数(K)分别为0．32±0．21、(0．36±0．32)min-1;两组间Cmax、Tmax、AUC及K比较差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论 1:20万肾上腺素对3％盐酸氯普鲁卡因硬膜外阻滞的药代动力学和药效学没有影响。     

肾上腺素静脉注射引起大鼠血压双向性变化

目的观察不同剂量肾上腺素静脉注射后大鼠动脉血压和心率的变化。方法42只SD雄性大鼠,体重250～300 g,按单次静脉注射肾上腺素的剂量不同随机均分为六组:Ⅰ～Ⅴ组分别为:0.5、1、2、4、8μg/kg肾上腺素,Ⅵ组为生理盐水组。于注射后不同时点记录SBP、DBP和HR,并记录该时段内最高SBP和最低DBP。结果所有肾上腺素组血压均于注射后18 s左右达最高,以SBP的升高最明显(P<0.01);随后,Ⅱ～Ⅴ组出现低血压,以DBP的降低最明显,各组最低DBP分别出现于注射后(1.3±0.5)、(2.2±0.4)、(3.0±0.6)、(3.4±1.1)min(P<0.01)。结论肾上腺素静脉注射于大鼠,小剂量仅引起高血压,较大剂量引起双向性血压变化;且剂量越大,起初的高血压和随后的低血压越严重。     

大剂量肾上腺素在心脏骤停抢救中的应用体会

目的探讨大剂量肾上腺素在心肺复苏中的应用情况。方法对2002年以来11例应用大剂量肾上腺素进行心肺复苏的病例做回顾性研究。结果在应用大剂量肾上腺素后心肺复苏成功率明显提高达73%。结论目前推荐的肾上腺素剂量(1mg)可能太小,不能使骤停的心脏都复跳,建议使用大剂量肾上腺素。     

利多卡因混合不同剂量肾上腺素局部浸润麻醉对全麻下鼻内窥镜手术患者血液动力学的影响

目的 观察利多卡因混合不同剂量肾上腺素局部浸润麻醉对全麻下鼻内窥镜手术患者血液动力学的影响。方法 69例拟在全身麻醉下行鼻内窥镜手术的患者随机分为3组（n=23），采用含不同剂量肾上腺素的1％利多卡因进行鼻粘膜下多点浸润注射。Ⅰ组：含1：20万肾上腺素的1％利多卡因4ml（20μg）；11组：含1：10万肾上腺素的1％利多卡因4ml（40μg）；Ⅲ组：1％利多卡因4ml（不含肾上腺素）。采用阻抗心动图（ICG）测量并记录浸润麻醉开始前（基础值）、浸润麻醉开始后0．75、1．5、2．25、3、3．75、4．5、5．25、6min平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、心脏排血指数（CI）、外周血管阻力指数（SVRI）和加速度指数（ACI），同时评价术中出血状况。结果与基础值比较，Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在浸润麻醉开始后1．5min时MAP下降，HR增快（P〈0．01）；从浸润麻醉开始后1．5minSVRI下降，CI、ACI上升，到浸润麻醉开始后6min时仍未恢复（P〈0．05或0．01）。与Ⅱ组比较，Ⅰ组在浸润麻醉开始后2．25、3、3．75minMAP下降，从2．25min起CI下降（P〈0．01或〈0．05）。与Ⅲ组比较，Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组出血较少（P〈0．01）；Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间差异无统计学意义。结论 全身麻醉下鼻内窥镜手术中局部浸润麻醉时，局麻药中肾上腺素的吸收会引起明显的血液动力学变化，推荐在鼻内窥镜手术中使用含有5μg/ml肾上腺素的利多卡因。     

The effects of peripherald-amphetamine, 4-OH amphetamine, and epinephrine on maintained discharge in the locus coeruleus with reference to the modulation of learning and memory by these substances

d-Amphetamine, 4-OH amphetamine, and epinephrine have been shown in many behavioral studies to facilitate memory when given post-training. The effect of these drugs on the maintained discharge of cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) was investigated using a route of administration (intraperitoneal) and a log-dose range of these drugs comparable to those used in the behavioral experiments.d-Amphetamine profoundly suppressed maintained discharge: an inhibitory effect was observed at every dose (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 mg/kg). In contrast, only the highest dose of 4-OH amphetamine (8.2 mg/kg) inhibited activity in the LC, and this effect was a modest one. Unlike the amphetamines, epinephrine (500 μ/kg) elevated maintained discharge. These results are discussed in the contex of the hypothesized involvement of the LC in the enhancement of memory by these drugs.     

肾上腺素对内毒素致大鼠炎症性肝损害的保护作用

目的 探讨肾上腺素（Epi）对内毒素（脂多糖，LPS）致大鼠炎症性肝损害的保护作用及其作用机制。方法 50只SD大鼠随机分为5组（每组各10只）：对照组：静脉滴注生理盐水2．4mL·kg^-1·h^-1；LPS组：静脉注射LPS6mg·kg^-1后，静脉滴注生理盐水2．4mL·kg^-1·h^-1；低、中和高剂量Epi组：静脉注射LPS6mg·kg^-1后，分别静脉滴注Epi0．12、0．3和0．6μg·kg^-1·min^-1。在LPS注射前、注射后2和6h3个时点取血，检测血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10水平，并在6h时点观察肝脏的组织病理学改变。结果 LPS组注射LPS后2、6h血清AST和ALT水平较对照组显著升高。同时血清TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10水平亦较对照组显著升高（P〈0．05）。病理检查结果示：LPS组肝窦扩张、充血，局灶性肝细胞坏死。高剂量Epi可显著降低血清AST和ALT水平，减轻肝脏病理损伤，并显著可降低TNF-α水平和升高IL-10水平（1）8LPS组，P均〈0．05），但对IL-1β水平无影响。中、低剂量Epi对LPS致炎症性肝损害无明显保护作用。结论 Epi可通过抗炎作用减轻LPS诱导的炎症性肝损害。     

Lack of influence of glucagon on glucose homeostasis after prolonged exercise in rats

Summary The significance of glucagon for post-exercise glucose homeostasis has been studied in rats fasted overnight. Immediately after exhaustive swimming either rabbit-antiglucagon serum or normal rabbit serum was injected by cardiac puncture. Cardiac blood and samples of liver and muscle tissue were collected before exercise and repeatedly during a 120 min recovery period after exercise. During the post-exercise period plasma glucagon concentrations decreased but remained above pre-exercise values in rats treated with normal serum, while rats treated with antiglucagon serum had excess antibody in plasma throughout. Nevertheless, all other parameters measured showed similar changes in the two groups. Thus after exercise the grossly diminished hepatic glycogen concentrations remained constant, while the decreased blood glucose concentrations were partially restored. Simultaneously concentrations in blood and serum of the main gluconeogenic substrates, lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol declined markedly. During the post-exercise period NEFA concentrations in serum and plasma insulin concentrations remained increased and decreased, respectively, while plasma catecholamines did not differ from basal values. Muscle glycogen concentrations decreased slightly. These findings suggest that in the recovery period after exhaustive exercise the increased glucagon concentrations in plasma do not influence gluconeogenesis.