高位肛瘘显微切除术的手术配合及护理

高位肛瘘指瘘管在外括约肌1／2以上穿过外括约肌或肛提肌的一类肛瘘，包括高位经括约肌肛瘘、括约肌上瘘和括约肌外瘘。治疗高位肛瘘的常规方法是挂线疗法，但挂线疗法治疗过程漫长而痛苦，并可使50％的患者遗留不同程度的肛门失禁。因此，至今高位肛瘘的治疗仍是肛肠外科的一个难题。为了改善高位肛瘘的治疗效果，我院肛肠外科将显微外科技术应用于高位肛瘘的手术治疗，使得高位肛瘘可以被一期切除，同时保留了肛门括约肌的正常功能，极大地缩短了高位肛瘘的治疗时间，取得了良好的治疗效果。现将手术配合及护理要点报告如下。     

表皮生长因子受体表达及其下游基因突变与结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性的关系

目的探讨表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）表达及其下游基因K-ras、B-rM和PIK3CA突变对结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性的影响。方法对9株人结直肠癌细胞株应用实时定量RT-PCR检测EGFR表达,并检测K-ras、B—raf和PIK3CA基因的突变状态;对各细胞株行梯度剂量射线照射后,行克隆形成实验明确其放射敏感性、行Hoechst33258染色凋亡形态学观察和流式细胞术检查细胞凋亡及细胞周期。结果人结直肠癌细胞株EGFR表达与放疗抵抗呈正相关（r=O．717．P=0．030）,~K3CA突变与放疗敏感性有关（t=2．401,P=0．047）,K—ras和B．raf突变与放疗敏感性无关（均P〉O．05）。放疗敏感细胞株（HCTll6）总凋亡率在低放射剂量（2Gy）时即显著增加,并随放射剂量增加而继续增加（P〈0．05）,而放疗抵抗细胞株（HT29）总凋亡率只有放射剂量较大时（6Gy）才明显增加。G1／G。期HCTll6细胞株比例随放疗剂量增加显著降低（P〈0．05）,而HT29细胞株G1／G。期比例在放疗剂量增加时无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论EGFR通路中多个位点同时参与了结直肠癌细胞的放疗抵抗或敏感作用,EGFR高表达与放疗抵抗相关,PIK3CA突变与放疗敏感有关,放疗抵抗机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡和增加细胞在G1／Go期停顿相关。     

术前放化疗对中低位直肠癌患者手术及术后并发症的影响

目的探讨术前放化疗对中低位直肠癌患者手术及术后并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年12月间第二军医大学长海医院肛肠外科收治的174例T3～T4期中低位进展期直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中接受术前放化疗者加手术治疗者81例（放化疗组）,直接行手术治疗者93例（对照组）。结果术前放化疗组和对照组患者的手术切除率分别为100％（81／81）和94．6％（88／93）,差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;保肛率分别为86.4％（70／81）和73．1％（68／93）,差异有统计学意义（P=0．039）。两组手术时间分别为（130±15）min和（125±20）min,术中出血量分别为（100±15）ml和（95±10）ml,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组术后并发症发生率分别为9．9％（8／81）和9．7％（9／93）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前放化疗能够显著提高中低位直肠癌患者的保肛率。且并不会增加手术难度和术后并发症的发生率。     

高位肛瘘显微外科切除与挂线疗法的比较

目的:探索手术治疗高位复杂性肛瘘的新方法.方法:采用显微外科切除肛瘘30例(显微组),另30例采用高位肛瘘切开加挂线术(挂线组).结果:两组一次手术治愈率均为90%.术后愈合时间两组比较有非常显著差异(P<0.01)手术时间两组比较有显著差异(P<0.01).结论:应用显微外科技术切除高位肛瘘可使高位肛瘘的治愈时间大为缩短.     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除联合经肛内括约肌切除保肛治疗超低位直肠癌

目的 探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（TME）联合经肛内括约肌切除（ISR）保肛治疗超低位直肠癌的可行性.方法 对13例超低位直肠癌（肿瘤距肛缘2.0～5.0cm）患者采用腹腔镜TME联合经肛ISR治疗.结果 13例患者无中转开腹或改行腹腔镜Miles术,行部分ISR 7例,次全ISR 4例,完全ISR 2例.6例同时行回肠造口术,术后未发生吻合口瘘;7例未行回肠造口术,术后发生吻合口瘘2例,加行回肠造口术及充分引流后痊愈.全组无围手术期死亡,无腹腔出血等并发症,1例患者术后阴茎勃起硬度下降.术后平均随访16个月,无复发及转移.术后早期肛门经常粪污,每日排便3～10次.术后1年控便时间可达5min以上,排便次数减为每日1～4次.绝大多数患者能控便,但内括约肌全切除患者腹泻时仍有粪污.结论 选择合适的的超低位直肠癌,特别是没有侵犯外括约肌的早期患者,采用腹腔镜TME联合经肛ISR是可行的,能体现根治、保肛、微创和经济的优点.回肠造口术能有效预防吻合口瘘的发生.但如何理想地解决早期排便功能障碍仍需进一步研究;肿瘤的复发和转移问题仍需长期随访.     

横结肠造口术后并发造口旁疝一例

患者男,65岁.横结肠造口术后8年,伴造口及造口旁膨出6年且逐渐加重入院.患者8年前接受2次痔注射术后肛门狭窄并急性肠梗阻在外院急诊行横结肠双腔造口.肠造口后2年出现造口及造口旁膨出且逐渐加重,当地医院多次就诊肛门狭窄无法有效治疗造口不能还纳,因明显腹胀并严重影响生活到我科就诊.     

Altemeier手术在嵌顿性直肠脱垂急诊处理中的应用

目的 评价Altemeier手术在嵌顿性直肠脱垂急诊处理中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析经Altemeier手术急诊治疗的9例嵌顿性直肠脱垂患者的临床资料.结果本组9例患者均行经会阴直肠乙状结肠部分切除术,手术时间1.0～1.5（平均1.7）h,术中失血50～200（平均109）ml,术后首次排便时间1～6（平均2.8）d,总住院时间3～10（平均5.3）d.术后无吻合口瘘、腹腔感染、泌尿生殖功能障碍等并发症发生,1例患者术后直肠系膜血栓形成,1例患者出现肛门不适症状.术后经5个月至6.5年（平均3.5年）的随访,所有患者未出现再次脱垂.术后6个月肛门功能Kirwan Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级1例;所有患者均感到满意.结论 Altemeier手术治疗嵌顿性直肠脱垂术后肛门功能良好,可作为嵌顿性直肠脱垂急诊处理的首选术式之一.     

经肛内括约肌切除术联合经腹全系膜切除术对超低位直肠肿瘤保肛的应用探讨

Objective To study the combination of trans-anal intersphincteric resection and trans- abdominal total mesorectal excision for anus-retained ultra-low rectal tumors. Methods Clinical data of 34 ultra-low rectal tumor patients without external anal sphincter involved, who underwent the combination surgery, were retrospectively analyzed Results The distance from the distal incisal margin of the rectum to the inferior margin of the tumor ranged from 1.8 cm to 3.0 cm on an average of 2. 1 cm. For pathological types, there were 23 cases of adenocarcinoma (9 well differentiated and 14 moderately differentiated), 1 papillary carcinoma, 2 rectal stromal tumor, 5 rectal villous adenoma with canceration and 3 giant villous adenoma. For pathological stages, there were 18 eases at stage pTNM Ⅰ , 5 at Ⅱ A, 1 at Ⅱ B, 4 at ⅢA, 1 at ⅢB and for T grading, there were 15 cases at stage T1, 5 at T2, 8 at T3, 1 at T4. In these 34 patients, there were 3 cases with postoperative anastomotic stenosis, 2 with postoperative anastomotic rupture, 2 with rectovaginal fistula and no operative death. Because of the dysfunction of bowel control, bowel frequency varied from 3 to 12 in the early stage after operation, but with the recovery of anus function, bowel frequency decreased and ranged form 1 to 5 times a day and the time of formed bowel control could be more than 5 min in 6-12 months after operation. However, patients underwent total resection of internal anal sphincter still suffered from incontinence of loose stool after 1 year. After operation, anastomotic recurrence was found in 1 case in 5 months, liver metastasis in 1 case in 10 months and 28 months respectively, cardiac sudden death in 1 case in 26 months. Conclusion The combination of trans-anal ISR and trans-abdominal TME for anus-retained ultra low rectal tumor is not only coincident with radical tumor principle but also retains the function of anus, on the premise of the strict indication.     

经肛内括约肌切除术联合经腹全系膜切除术对超低位直肠肿瘤保肛的应用探讨

Objective To study the combination of trans-anal intersphincteric resection and trans- abdominal total mesorectal excision for anus-retained ultra-low rectal tumors. Methods Clinical data of 34 ultra-low rectal tumor patients without external anal sphincter involved, who underwent the combination surgery, were retrospectively analyzed Results The distance from the distal incisal margin of the rectum to the inferior margin of the tumor ranged from 1.8 cm to 3.0 cm on an average of 2. 1 cm. For pathological types, there were 23 cases of adenocarcinoma (9 well differentiated and 14 moderately differentiated), 1 papillary carcinoma, 2 rectal stromal tumor, 5 rectal villous adenoma with canceration and 3 giant villous adenoma. For pathological stages, there were 18 eases at stage pTNM Ⅰ , 5 at Ⅱ A, 1 at Ⅱ B, 4 at ⅢA, 1 at ⅢB and for T grading, there were 15 cases at stage T1, 5 at T2, 8 at T3, 1 at T4. In these 34 patients, there were 3 cases with postoperative anastomotic stenosis, 2 with postoperative anastomotic rupture, 2 with rectovaginal fistula and no operative death. Because of the dysfunction of bowel control, bowel frequency varied from 3 to 12 in the early stage after operation, but with the recovery of anus function, bowel frequency decreased and ranged form 1 to 5 times a day and the time of formed bowel control could be more than 5 min in 6-12 months after operation. However, patients underwent total resection of internal anal sphincter still suffered from incontinence of loose stool after 1 year. After operation, anastomotic recurrence was found in 1 case in 5 months, liver metastasis in 1 case in 10 months and 28 months respectively, cardiac sudden death in 1 case in 26 months. Conclusion The combination of trans-anal ISR and trans-abdominal TME for anus-retained ultra low rectal tumor is not only coincident with radical tumor principle but also retains the function of anus, on the premise of the strict indication.     

局部进展期中低位直肠癌新辅助治疗后淋巴结变化及与预后的关系

目的研究新辅助治疗对局部进展期中低位直肠癌患者术后淋巴结检出数及阳性淋巴结数的影响,探讨肿瘤T分期与放疗灵敏度的关系及淋巴结状况与预后的关系。方法回顾性研究216例采用直肠全系膜切除术（TME手术）治疗的中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,将其中接受新辅助治疗后再手术的106例患者设为观察组,未行新辅助治疗直接手术的110例患者设为对照组,比较两组临床资料及术后淋巴结检出情况,同时研究新辅助治疗后肿瘤T分期与放疗灵敏度之间的关系,采用生存曲线分析新辅助治疗后淋巴结情况与预后的关系。结果观察组患者术后标本淋巴结检出数[6.5（4.5,15.0）枚]及阳性淋巴结检出数[1.0（0,4.0）枚]均少于对照组[11.0（8.5,17.5）、2.5（1.5,5.0）枚],差异均有统计学意义（U=11.60、2.05,均P＜0.05）。肿瘤T分期与放疗灵敏度相关（r=0.97,P＜0.01）。观察组淋巴结阴性患者5年生存率（78.0%）高于淋巴结阳性患者（50.4%）,两者比较差异有统计学意义（字2=8.84,P＜0.01）,观察组淋巴结阴性患者中检出淋巴结总数≥12枚患者5年生存率（80.8%）高于＜12枚患者（63.0%）,但差异无统计学意义（字2=0.164,P＞0.05）。结论新辅助治疗使中低位直肠癌患者术后总淋巴结及阳性淋巴结数减少,肿瘤T分期与放疗灵敏度相关,新辅助治疗后淋巴结阳性患者预后不良,增加淋巴结检出数可能提高新辅助治疗后淋巴结阴性患者总体生存率。