吹扫捕集气相色谱分析水中挥发性卤代烃类有机物研究

挥发性有机物质是指在正常状态下（20％，760mmHg），蒸汽压大于0．1mmHg以上的有机物质。具有挥发性的有机化合物不但种类繁多，还普遍具有挥发性、刺激性和独特的气味，如芳香烃、脂肪烃、酯类、卤代烃等。虽然挥发性物质在水中溶解度比较小，但在日常生活中由于水质污染、水处理工艺等原因而能在生活饮用水中普遍存在，尤其是在原水含有机前体物时，用氯消毒后可形成卤代烃类化合物。据研究该类物质中包括有一些严重危害物，如氯仿对大鼠、小鼠具有致癌作用，四氯化碳具有多种毒理学效应，且可诱发肝癌等。因此，世界卫生组织推荐氯仿在饮水中的限量为30μg／L；美国规定总三卤甲烷为100μ∥L。我国饮用水标准中，氯仿不得超过60μg／L，四氯化碳不超过3μg／L。     

丹参多酚酸盐对不稳定型心绞痛患者的疗效及C反应蛋白的影响

目的 分析和评价丹参多酚酸盐对不稳定型心绞痛(UA)的疗效及C反应蛋白(CRP)的影响.方法 方便选择该院在2015年7月—2016年10月间收治的95例不稳定型心绞痛患者为研究对象,分成A组和B组,分别是49例和46例.A组给予丹参多酚酸盐治疗,B组给予丹参注射液治疗.对比临床疗效和相关因子变化.结果 治疗15 d后,A组的治疗总有效率为81.63%;B组为60.87%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗30 d后,两组的治疗总有效率均有所提升,且A组(95.92%)高于B组(80.43%),对比有差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗15 d后,A组的CRP(C反应蛋白)(23.62±7.31)ng/L低于B组的(34.25±8.91)ng/L,对比有差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗30 d后,两组的CRP均低于治疗15 d后,且A组(15.34±5.27)ng/L低于B组(24.26±7.92)ng/L,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 丹参多酚酸盐治疗UA可获得显著疗效,降低CRP(C反应蛋白)水平,能够抑制血栓与血管炎症形成,有效保护血管内皮功能.     

重组人红细胞生成素对脓毒症大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的 探讨重组人红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)对盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)所致大鼠脓毒症急性肾损伤(AKI)的保护作用.方法 260只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假CLP组(假手术组)、CLP组(脓毒症组)和rHuEPO大、中、小剂量组.采用CLP复制脓毒症模型,rHuEPO大、中、小剂量组造模后即刻分别静脉推注rHuEPO 5000 U/kg、1000 U/kg、500 U/kg.假CLP组、CLP组、rHuEPO大、中、小剂量组按注药后2h、6h、12 h、24 h、36 h时点分成5个亚组,分别在各时点按随机原则处死大鼠.采用ELISA法测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的水平;免疫组化法检测大鼠肾组织NF-κB蛋白表达;光镜和透射电镜观察肾组织形态学变化.结果 与CLP组相比,rHuEPO大剂量组大鼠各时间点血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α、IL-6、KIM-1、iNOS的含量及肾组织NF-κB蛋白表达水平均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肾脏病理改变好转.rHuEPO中、小剂量组肾脏病理改变未见好转.结论 rHuEPO能够降低脓毒症大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS、KIM-1水平进而调节炎性反应及肾功能,对脓毒症所致AKI具有一定的保护作用.     

重组人促红细胞生成素对脓毒症大鼠肺脏的保护作用

目的 探讨重组人促红细胞生成素(recombinant human erythropoietin,rHuEPO)对内毒素所致大鼠脓毒症急性肺损伤的保护作用.方法 45只雄性SD大鼠随机(随机数字法)分为对照组、模型组、rHuEPO组,每组均15只.经静脉推注脂多糖LPS(6 mg/kg)复制急性肺损伤(ALI)的动物模型,rHuEPO组造模前60 min静脉推注rHuEPO (5000 U/kg),观察12 h后处死.留取颈动脉血及肺组织标本.测定氧和指数(OI)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、pH值.采用酶联免疫法(ELISA法)测定大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS的水平.在光镜和透射电镜下观察肺组织的病理形态学变化,并取右肺下叶计算肺湿/干质量比(W/D).结果 (1)血气分析:与对照组相比,脓毒症组及rHuEPO组大鼠动脉血PaO2、pH显著降低,PaCO2显著升高;与脓毒症组相比,rHuEPO组PaO2、pH显著升高及PaCO2显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)各组大鼠肺组织湿干质量比(W/D)变化:与对照组相比,脓毒症组及rHuEPO组肺组织W/D显著增加;与脓毒症组相比,rHuEPO组肺组织W/D显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)各组大鼠12 h血清TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS水平的变化:脓毒症组及rHuEPO组上述指标明显高于对照组;与脓毒症组相比,rHuEPO组上述指标明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(4)光镜及电镜观察脓毒症组病理学改变为急性弥漫性肺损伤,表现为肺泡腔内出血、渗出、炎性细胞浸润,肺微血管内皮细胞、Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型上皮细胞坏死;rHuEPO组急性肺损伤明显轻于脓毒症组,只可见到局灶性肺泡少量炎性细胞浸润.结论 rHuEPO能够降低血清TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS水平进而调节炎症反应,对脓毒症所致急性肺损伤具有一定的保护作用.     

双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

Objective To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.Methods Iodobutanone derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis.Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.Results The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutanone which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization.The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutanone was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse.The linear range was 1 - 100 μg/L,and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9997.The limit of detection was 13 ng/L.Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37% ,and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%.The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 μg/L) ＞ inner river (6.97 μg/L) ＞ Yangtse river (3.55 μg/L).The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 μg/L and 5.92 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 ( 6.97 μg/L and 9.62 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2( 15.14 μg/L and 1.81 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively).The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.Conclusion The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.     

双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

Objective To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.Methods Iodobutanone derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis.Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.Results The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutanone which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization.The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutanone was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse.The linear range was 1 - 100 μg/L,and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9997.The limit of detection was 13 ng/L.Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37% ,and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%.The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 μg/L) ＞ inner river (6.97 μg/L) ＞ Yangtse river (3.55 μg/L).The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 μg/L and 5.92 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 ( 6.97 μg/L and 9.62 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2( 15.14 μg/L and 1.81 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively).The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.Conclusion The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.     

重组人促红细胞生成素对感染致急性肝脏损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的 探讨重组人促红细胞生成素(recombinant human erythropoietin,rHuEPO)对盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)所致大鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用.方法 96只雄性SD大鼠随机(随机数字法)分为:假CLP组(对照组),CLP组(脓毒症组),rHuEPO组.采用盲肠结扎穿孔术复制急性肝损伤的动物模型,rHuEPO组造模后即刻经尾静脉推注rHuEPO 5000U/kg.手术后连续观察24h,选择术后2h、6h、12h、24h为观察点.分别在各时点随机处死大鼠,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA法)检测血清TNF-α、iNOS水平变化;同时检测肝功能(ALT、AST);采用光镜和透射电镜观察肝组织形态学变化.结果 ①各时间点大鼠血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、iNOS水平的变化为脓毒症组及rHuEPO组上述指标明显高于对照组;rHuEPO组与脓毒症组相比,上述指标明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②光镜及电镜观察发现,脓毒症时肝脏病理学改变为局灶性肝细胞坏死,炎性细胞浸润,小叶间静脉充血扩张,肝细胞核固缩,线粒体、内质网明显减少.rHuEPO组肝脏病理学改变较CLP组明显减轻.结论 rHuEPO能够降低血清中ALT、AST、TNF-α、iNOS水平,发挥调节炎症反应进而改善肝功能的作用,对感染所致急性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用.     

内质网应激相关蛋白在百草枯致大鼠急性肺损伤中的变化

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饮用水中苯系物的顶空气相色谱测定法

目的采用顶空气相色谱法测定饮用水中苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯乙烯).方法 采用顶空自动进样技术,用INNOWAX毛细管柱进行分离,FID检测器进行测定.顶空最佳气液平衡条件:平衡温度90℃,平衡时间20min,气液相比1:1,氯化钠加入量4.0g.结果 苯系物的检出限在0.47μg/L~0.70μg/L,标准曲线的线性范围为2~100μg/L,相关系数在0.9969~0.9998,回收率范围在88.2%~103%,相对标准偏差在2.3%~5.9%.结论 该方法简便、快捷,具有较好的精密度和准确度,线性范围宽,能够达到国家标准方法的要求,可用于饮用水中苯系物的测定.     

百草枯对肺组织细胞凋亡的影响

百草枯是一种高效、高毒性的除草剂,急性百草枯中毒主要损伤肺,研究发现细胞凋亡参与百草枯所致的急性肺损伤及肺纤维化的形成。百草枯通过氧化损伤、钙稳态失衡及线粒体损伤诱导肺泡上皮细胞和肺血管内皮细胞凋亡,且通过死亡受体活化途径、线粒体途径、内质网应激途径调控细胞凋亡相关基因的表达。除此之外,百草枯通过激活核转录因子,抑制多型核中性粒细胞(PMN)凋亡,延长PMN生存时间,造成炎性因子大量释放,导致组织细胞损伤。