Wogonin inhibits osteoclast formation induced by lipopolysaccharide

To evaluate the inhibitory activity of wogonin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone resorption, we investigated the effect of wogonin on osteoclastogenesis induced by LPS. Wogonin inhibited LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures of mouse calvaria-derived osteoblasts and bone marrow-derived pre-osteoclasts. Wogonin also suppressed osteoclastogenesis in LPS-injected mouse calvaria. In osteoblasts, the upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANKL) expression and the downregulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression by LPS were inhibited by wogonin. Wogonin and NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor, suppressed LPS-stimulated PGE₂ production in osteoblasts. NS-398 inhibited the effect of LPS on RANKL and OPG expression in osteoblasts. These results suggest that wogonin acts as an inhibitor of LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis through downregulation of RANKL and upregulation of OPG expression via blockage of PGE₂ production. Based on these results, wogonin has potential for use as a therapeutic agent in bacteria-induced bone resorption. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于网络药理学探究防风中生物活性成分及对类风湿关节炎的作用机制

目的 通过以网络药理学为基础的策略研究防风治疗类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis,RA）的分子生物学机制。方法 采用网络药理学方法收集防风活性成分和治疗RA的潜在靶点,并评估活性成分的药理和毒理学等相关参数;构建蛋白质相互作用网络筛选核心靶点,并通过生物信息学方法进一步验证核心靶点和疾病的关联;对核心成分和相应靶点进行分子对接。体外通过CCK-8实验、细胞迁移和侵袭、细胞凋亡、qRT-PCR和Western blotting分析,阐明别欧前胡素对MH7A细胞磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,Akt）通路的调控作用。结果 从防风中共鉴定出18种活性成分和66个与筛选出的RA疾病靶基因相交的潜在靶基因,最终获得了汉黄芩素、β-谷甾醇、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇和别欧前胡素等核心成分。防风治疗RA的潜在机制可能是通过调控PI3K/Akt、白细胞介素-17（interleukin-17,IL-17）、凋亡等信号通路和多种生物过程来实现,以发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用。分子对接证实了所有的核心成分和关键靶点均具有很好的对接活性。别欧前胡素抑制MH7A细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭（P＜0.05、0.01）,诱导细胞凋亡（P＜0.01）,并显著下调IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、基质金属蛋白酶-1（matrix metalloproteinase-1,MMP-1）和MMP-3的基因表达（P＜0.01）。分子分析表明别欧前胡素通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路发挥对MH7A的调控作用。结论 成功预测了防风治疗RA的有效成分和潜在靶点,为进一步探究其分子机制提供了新的理论基础。揭示了别欧前胡素通过PI3K/Akt通路抑制RA成纤维样滑膜细胞的活力、迁移、侵袭及细胞因子和MMPs的表达,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

柴胡桂枝干姜汤治疗失眠的功效网络研究

目的运用网络药理学分析方法,明确柴胡桂枝干姜汤治疗失眠的作用机制。方法运用TCMSP、TCMID数据库锁定柴胡桂枝干姜汤7味药的药物靶标,TTD、DrugBank、PubMed数据库查找失眠的疾病靶点,构建"疾病-方剂-靶点"网络,用STRING和Cytoscape分析软件对其关键靶点进行富集分析,明确作用机制。结果柴胡桂枝干姜汤蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络包含靶标640个,失眠的PPI网络包括靶标175个,富集分析得29个关键靶标和其间80条互作关系;GO富集分析及KEGG途径分析结果显示柴胡桂枝干姜汤中柴胡皂苷a、柴胡皂苷d、槲皮素、碳酸钙、6-姜辣醇、山柰酚、汉黄芩素等171个活性成分主要通过CACNA1C、GABRA1、GABRA2、GABRB3、GABRA3等29个关键靶标及突触信号传导、膜电位的调节、G蛋白偶联受体信号通路等生物过程,神经递质受体活性、离子门控通道活动、GABA-A受体活性等分子功能,质膜、突触等细胞组成作用于神经活性配体-受体相互作用、逆行内源性大麻素信号传导、5-羟色胺能突触等多条作用通路发挥治疗失眠作用。结论柴胡皂苷a、柴胡皂苷d等171个活性成分是柴胡桂枝干姜汤治疗失眠的药效物质基础,神经活性配体-受体相互作用等通路和CACNA1C等29个靶标构成了其发挥"疏肝健脾、调和阴阳"的功效作用网络,为临床合理运用柴胡桂枝干姜汤治疗失眠提供了网络药理学证据。     

Preventive Effect of the Flavonoid, Wogonin, Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage in Rats

Whether wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), a flavonoid originated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antitumor activities in various cell types, possesses a gastric cytoprotective effect was investigated in an ethanol-induced gastric damage model in rats. Ethanol administration alone induced evident gastric damage including gastric hemorrhages and edema, while this gastric damage was significantly attenuated by wogonin pretreatment (30 mg/kg B.W.) 1 hr before ethanol administration. As major protective mechanisms of wogonin on ethanol-induced gastric damage, we found that wogonin showed either antiinflammatory effects through dual actions on arachidonic acid metabolism, i.e., induction of prostaglandin D2 and suppression of 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE), or preventive induction of profuse apoptosis in the stomach. Conclusively, the flavonoid wogonin could be used as a preventive agent of alcohol-induced gastropathy, whose actions were proven to be strong antiinflammation and apoptosis induction.     

汉黄芩素与氟尿嘧啶联用抗人肝癌细胞Hep-G2作用的拮抗效应研究

目的 探讨汉黄芩素(wogonin)联合氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)对人肝癌细胞Hep-G2生长活性的影响。 方法 实验分汉黄芩素组、5-FU组、汉黄芩素+5-FU组和空白对照组,采用MTT法观察药物对肿瘤细胞体外生长活性的影响,采用流式细胞仪分析肿瘤细胞凋亡率的变化。 结果 MTT实验结果显示汉黄芩素(5、10、20、40 μmol/L)作用24、48 h后对肿瘤细胞具有一定的增殖抑制作用(P<0.05);5-FU(5、10、20、40 mg/L)作用24、48 h后对肿瘤细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用(P<0.05);与单用组对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用相比,汉黄芩素联合5-FU组的抗肿瘤作用呈相互拮抗作用(P<0.05);汉黄芩素联合5-FU给药48 h后,联合指数CI值呈现剂量依赖性,CI值随汉黄芩素浓度的加大而增大,说明随汉黄芩素浓度的加大,其拮抗5-FU抗肿瘤效应的作用也越来越明显(P<0.05)。 结论 汉黄芩素具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,但可拮抗5-FU的抗肿瘤作用,具体机制有待进一步研究。     

Wogonin suppresses osteopontin expression in adipocytes by activating PPARα

Aim:

Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), a major bioactive compound of the flavonoid family, is commonly extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and is assumed to have anti-diabetes function. Indeed, a current study has shown that it can possibly treat metabolic disorders such as those found in db/db mice. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of wogonin on osteopontin (OPN) expression in adipose tissue from type 1 diabetic mice and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Methods:

Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were converted to 3T3-L1 adipocytes through treatment with insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were performed to detect protein expression and mRNA levels, respectively.

Results:

Wogonin treatment suppressed the increase in serum OPN levels and reduced OPN expression in adipose tissue from STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Administration of wogonin enhanced PPARα expression and activity. Silencing of PPARα diminished the inhibitory effects of wogonin on OPN expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the levels of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-Jun were reduced in wogonin-treated adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, wogonin treatment dramatically mitigated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 increased PPARα activity and decreased OPN expression.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that wogonin downregulated OPN expression in adipocytes through the inhibition of p38 MAPK and the sequential activation of the PPARα pathway. Given the adverse effects of high OPN levels on metabolism, our results provide evidence for the potential administration of wogonin as a treatment for diabetes.     

基于模拟炮制法研究黄芩炒炭前后苷类成分的变化

目的:通过模拟炮制法探讨不同炒炭程度对黄芩饮片中苷类成分变化的影响。方法:采用Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;柱温箱温度25℃;进样量10μL;检测波长277 nm;流动相A为甲醇,B为0.4%磷酸,C为乙腈,使用梯度洗脱的方式,流速1 mL/min。通过模拟炮制的方法对黄芩苷与黄芩素、汉黄芩苷与汉黄芩素在炒炭温度下的转化进行初步研究。结果:黄芩炒炭后,黄芩苷以及汉黄芩苷的含量下降,而黄芩素以及汉黄芩素的含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。另外,在黄芩苷模拟样品中检出黄芩素,在汉黄芩苷模拟炮制品种检出汉黄芩素。结论:不同炒炭程度对黄芩中黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量有显著影响,模拟炮制法可较为真实地反映黄芩苷类成分在炒炭过程中的变化情况。     

Probe substrate and enzyme source-dependent inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 by wogonin

Background

Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) inhibition based drug-drug interaction and herb-drug interaction severely challenge the R&D process of drugs or herbal ingredients.

Objective

To evaluate the inhibition potential of wogonin (an important flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis) towards one of the most important phase II DMEs, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9.

Methods

Both recombinant UGT1A9-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation reaction and human liver microsomes (HLMs)-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation reaction were used as two different probe reactions.

Results

Wogonin noncompetitively inhibited recombinant UGT1A9-catalyzed 4-MU glucuronidation, and exerted competitive inhibition towards HLMs-catalyzed propofol glucuronidation. The inhibition kinetic parameters (K_i) were calculated to be 3.2 µM and 52.0µM, respectively.

Conclusion

Necessary monitoring was needed when wogonin was co-administered with the clinical drugs mainly undergoing UGT1A9-mediated glucuronidation elimination. Additionally, probe reactions-dependent inhibition of wogonin towards the activity of UGT1A9 should be paid attention when translating these in vitro data into in vivo situation.     

不同海拔和光照对黄芩中7种黄酮类有效成分含量的影响

目的分析不同海拔、光照因素对黄芩中7种黄酮类有效成分量的影响,为黄芩种植最佳生长条件的选择提供理论依据。方法采用HPLC法同时测定人工种植的24批黄芩样品中野黄芩苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、芹菜素、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、千层纸素A7种成分的含量,并采用方差分析法进行不同海拔、光照环境(阴坡、阳坡)与各成分量的相关性分析。结果同一生长年限,在海拔(550±30)、(650±30)m 2个范围,对黄芩中7种成分的量进行比较,其中黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷有极显著性差异(P0.01),野黄芩苷、黄芩素、千层纸素A、汉黄芩素、芹菜素有显著性差异(P0.05);阴坡和阳坡2种不同的光照条件下,黄芩中7种成分的量相比,无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论在同一生长年限,随海拔的升高,黄芩中黄酮类成分的量都呈现明显的上升趋势,有显著性差异。而光照(阴坡、阳坡)不同时,黄芩中黄酮类成分的量无显著性差异,但除汉黄芩苷、黄芩素外,其他黄酮类成分含量的均数阳坡高于阴坡。黄芩人工种植宜选择阳光直接照射的平地或阳坡,同时及海拔偏高有利于提高黄芩中黄酮类化学成分总量的积累。     

止动颗粒UPLC指纹图谱建立及3种成分测定

目的建立止动颗粒UPLC指纹图谱,并测定其中3种成分的含量。方法以黄芩苷为参照峰,建立11批样品的UPLC指纹图谱,采用Acquity HSS T3色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈,梯度洗脱,体积流量0.3mL/min,柱温40℃,检测波长254nm,测定黄芩苷、栀子苷和芍药苷的含量。结果建立了UPLC指纹图谱,鉴定了没食子酸、车叶草苷、去乙酰车叶草苷酸甲酯、绿原酸、京尼平1-β-D-龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、芍药苷、白杨素-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖-8-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷、白杨素-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷、白杨素-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷异构体、黄芩苷、黄芩苷异构体、千层纸素A-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、五味子醇甲16个成分,11批制剂相似度达到0.98以上。黄芩苷、栀子苷、芍药苷分别在12.15～388.80μg/mL、6.52～209.00μg/mL、8.38～268.00μg/mL线性关系良好,平均加样回收率(RSD)分别为100.98%(3.04%)、100.49%(0.60%)、100.55%(2.73%)。11批制剂中黄芩苷为7.46～12.40 mg/g,栀子苷为7.01～13.27 mg/g,芍药苷为7.68～12.76 mg/g。结论该方法准确简单,稳定可靠,可用于止动颗粒质量控制。