Gastro-oesophageal reflux in children: surgical management

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is symptomatic reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. Factors predisposing to GORD are loss of the physiological antireflux barrier and anatomic abnormalities of the oesophagus or diaphragm. Conservative measures and medical management results in resolution of symptoms in a majority of children. Surgery is indicated in the event of failure of medical management or severe complications. Surgical procedures include open or laparoscopic fundoplication in children with normal neurology; fundoplication with or without vagotomy and pyloroplasty; surgical feeding jejunostomy and oesophago-gastric dissociation in the severely neurologically impaired children.     

正念减压疗法对妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和生活质量的影响

目的 探析正念减压疗法对妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和生活质量的影响。 方法 将2017年5月-2018年5月在我院治疗的90例妊娠呕吐妇女纳入本研究,采用数字表法随机分成研究组和对照组,每组各45例。对照组接受宣教,研究组在对照组上实施正念减压疗法。分别于入组时、干预4周和干预8周采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)、生活质量综合评定问卷(generic quality of life inventory-74,GQOLI-74)进行评估,比较2组妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和生活质量。 结果 2组SAS、SDS评分及生活质量综合评定问卷总分在组间效应、时间效应及交互效应上差异具统计学意义。 结论 妊娠呕吐妇女进行正念减压疗法,能够显著减轻妊娠呕吐妇女负性情绪和提高生活质量,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

Postinfectious gastroparesis related to autonomic failure: a case report

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Severe dysautonomia may be secondary to viral infections, resulting in impaired autoimmune, cardiovascular, urinary and digestive dysfunction. Herein, we present a case of a 31-year-old white female patient who had severe gastroparesis related to autonomic failure following an episode of acute gastroenteritis. This seems to be the first report providing thorough assessment of the enteric and autonomic nervous system by analysis of full-thickness small intestinal biopsies, cardiovagal testing and autopsy. HOSPITAL COURSE: This patient affected by a severe gastroparesis was treated with antiemetics, prokinetics, analgesics and gastric electrical stimulation to control symptoms. Nutritional support was made using jejunal feeding tube and, in the final stage of disease, with total parenteral nutrition. Autonomic studies revealed minimal heart rate variability and a disordered Valsalva manoeuvre although the enteric nervous system and the smooth muscle layer showed a normal appearance. Hospital courses were complicated by episodes of bacteraemia and fungemia. Serum antiphospholipid antibodies were noted but despite anticoagulation, she developed a pulmonary embolism and shortly thereafter the patient died. Autopsy revealed acute haemorrhagic Candida pneumonia with left main pulmonary artery thrombus. Sympathetic chain analysis revealed decreased myelinated axons with vacuolar degeneration and patchy inflammation consistent with Guillain-Barre syndrome. The evaluation of the enteric nervous system in the stomach and small bowel revealed no evidence of enteric neuropathy or myopathy. CONCLUSION: A Guillain-Barre-like disease with gastroparesis following acute gastroenteritis is supported by physiological and autonomic studies with histological findings.     

术后镇痛10年后的质量控制探讨：1168例回顾性研究

目的 了解术后镇痛的现状，探讨术后镇痛的质量控制问题。方法 回顾近3个月1168例术后镇痛所采用的镇痛方法和预防术后恶心呕吐的方法，了解镇痛效果和副作用的发生情况，并分析影响镇痛效果和副作用发生率的有关因素，患者的满意度情况。结果 90％采用了连续硬膜外镇痛法，配方主要是小剂量吗啡复合低浓度布比卡因或罗比卡因，静脉镇痛主要采用吗啡复合氯诺昔康。预防术后恶心呕吐（PONV）的方法有5-HT3受体拮抗剂（昂丹司琼或阿扎司琼），氟哌啶，地塞米松等，单用或复合应用。连续硬膜外镇痛需要补救镇痛者约5％，静脉镇痛补救镇痛者约10％。PONV总体发生率低，妇科开腹手术低至20％，女性非妇科手术低至10％，剖宫产术低至1％，使用氟哌啶使妇科手术PONV降低约50％。1例高龄患者出现血氧饱和度下降至82％，经停药、吸氧等处理好转。硬膜外导管脱落0．5％。瘙痒、头晕等并发症小于5％。通过补救镇痛，及时处理并发症，患者满意度在90％以上。结论 硬膜外镇痛方法效果优于静脉镇痛方法，适度镇痛，减少镇痛药量，增加安全性，重视PONV的预防，及时处理镇痛不足和副作用，从而提高患者的满意度，是术后镇痛质量控制的可行的理念和方法。     

Single-dose oral omeprazole for reduction of gastric residual acidity in adults for outpatient surgery

Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole that causes dose-dependent intracellular inhibition of gastric acid secretion in humans. This double-blind study examined the effect of omeprazole in decreasing gastric acidity and gastric residual volume in outpatient adults. Unpremedicated outpatients, ASA I-III, 18 years or older (n = 17), were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 80 mg, or placebo by mouth the night before scheduled elective outpatient surgery. The patients were fasted for 8 h prior to surgery. After the patient was anesthetized, an orogastric tube was inserted with proper placement verified by auscultation for gastric sounds. Gastric residual contents were withdrawn into a Luken's trap, and pH was then determined and gastric volume indexed to weight (ml.kg-1). Data were analyzed by a t-test, with P less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Patient characteristics of both groups were similar. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups for pH (P = 0.02), but not between the two groups for gastric volume indexed to weight (P = 0.07).     

欧丹西酮预防曲马多硬膜外术后镇痛期间恶心、呕吐的定量研究

目的　寻找欧丹西酮 (Ondansetron)预防妇产科手术后曲马多连续硬膜外镇痛期间恶心和呕吐的最佳剂量。方法　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级妇产科手术病人 12 0例 ,随机分为 4组 (n =30 ) ,于关腹后接镇痛泵前 (配方为曲马多 80 0mg+布比卡因 112 .5mg ,总量 10 0ml,泵速 2ml/h)分别接受欧丹西酮 2mg、4mg、6mg和生理盐水 2ml静注。观察镇痛期不同时点的VAS值和 0～ 2 4h的恶心、呕吐发生率。结果　 4组VAS均值无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。在 0～2 4h ,恶心 :2mg组 30 .4 % (7) ,4mg组 3.3% (1) ,6mg组 3.3% (1)和生理盐水组 4 6 .7% (14 ) ;呕吐 :2mg组2 0 .0 % (6 ) ,4mg组 3.3% (1) ,6mg组 3.3% (1)生理盐水组 4 3.3% (13)。在预防恶心和呕吐两个事件方面 ,所有用药组与对照组相比均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;在用药组中 ,2mg组与 4mg和 6mg组间比较P <0 .0 5 ,而后 2个剂量组间无差别。结论　本文 3个剂量组的欧丹西酮均有预防妇产科手术后曲马多连续硬膜外镇痛期间恶心和呕吐的作用 ,其中以 4mg组最优。     

甲状腺功能亢进性呕吐(附2例报告)

本文报告2例系非甲亢危象及危象前期的甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢)患者,临床突出的症状是:频繁而又顽固的呕吐,例1导致了Mallory-Weiss征,服他巴唑60小时后呕吐明显缓解,96小时后呕吐完全停止。例2由于呕吐误诊为胃神经官能症,服他巴唑治疗一周后呕吐停止。甲亢性呕吐国内未见报告,本文对呕吐的机制进行了分析探讨。     

盐酸托烷思琼预防脑动脉瘤栓塞术后恶心呕吐的观察

目的:观察盐酸托烷思琼对预防脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的有效性和安全性。方法:选择行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术患者45例,随机分为3组,每组15例,于手术结束前30分钟A组患者缓慢静注盐酸托烷思琼5mg,B组患者缓慢静注盐酸托烷思琼3mg,C组患者给予生理盐水。术后观察并记录以下指标:(1)术后24h内恶心呕吐发生率及强度;(2)术后2、8h镇静评分(OAA/S);(3)术后2、8h平均动脉压(MAP),心率(HR);(4)各组不良反应的发生情况。结果:术后24h内两治疗组恶心呕吐发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。托烷思琼5mg组恶心呕吐发生率略低于3mg组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:托烷思琼可降低脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者术后恶心呕吐的发生率。托烷思琼3mg不仅可以减少药物用量,而且能减少副作用的发生,是一种经济、有效、安全的止吐方法。     

地塞米松减轻曲马多术后镇痛时恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的 :探讨地塞米松减轻曲马多术后镇痛时恶心呕吐的临床效果。方法 :选择术后自愿硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)的病例 6 0例 ,随机分为试验组 (地塞米松 曲马多 0 .15 %布比卡因 )和对照组 (格拉司琼 曲马多 0 .15 %布比卡因 )。结果 :两组病人术后疼痛评分 (VAS法 ) ,镇静评分及恶心呕吐的发生率无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :地塞米松可以减轻曲马多术后镇痛时恶心呕吐的发生 ,效果良好 ,不增加副作用 ,价格便宜