低氧刺激鼻息肉黏膜上皮细胞炎性因子变化的初探

目的研究低氧刺激慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(CRSwNP)与正常鼻黏膜上皮细胞炎性因子的变化与异同,探讨其在CRSwNP发病机制中的作用。方法选择2015年6月至2018年1月在吉林大学中日联谊医院就诊的68例CRSwNP患者,其中男性36例,女性32例,年龄(45.2±12.5)岁(xˉ±s,下同),患者的鼻息肉黏膜纳入慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉组(CRS-NP组),下鼻甲黏膜纳入慢性鼻窦炎下鼻甲组(CRS-IT组),并根据组织病理学结果进一步分成嗜酸粒细胞浸润及非浸润两种类型,即嗜酸粒细胞浸润性鼻息肉组(Eos-NP组,n=34)、非嗜酸粒细胞浸润性鼻息肉组(Non-Eos-NP组,n=34)、嗜酸粒细胞浸润性鼻息肉患者的下鼻甲组(Eos-IT组,n=20)和非嗜酸粒细胞浸润性鼻息肉患者的下鼻甲组(Non-Eos-IT组,n=20);同期25例鼻窦囊肿或鼻中隔偏曲患者的下鼻甲黏膜作为对照组(n=25),其中男性14例,女性11例,年龄(42.8±10.2)岁。免疫组织化学染色分析各组黏膜上皮组织中白细胞介素(IL)17A、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)与乏氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)的表达情况。酶联免疫吸附试验检测低氧刺激0、24和48 h后各组原代鼻黏膜上皮细胞分泌IL-17A、IFN-γ和TNF-α的差异;免疫荧光、固态光源高内涵与免疫印记实验检测原代鼻黏膜上皮细胞HIF-1α的表达情况。应用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计学分析,采用双向方差分析作为主要统计学方法。结果免疫组织化学染色结果显示,IL-17A和TNF-α在对照组中表达最高(光密度值分别为0.37±0.03、0.53±0.02),IFN-γ和HIF-1α在Eos-IT组中表达最高(光密度值分别为0.47±0.03、0.39±0.02)。未接受低氧刺激时,IL-17A与TNF-α在对照组中水平较低;低氧刺激48 h后,对照组的IL-17A与TNF-α分泌量明显高于其他各组。未接受低氧刺激时,Eos-NP组分泌的IFN-γ明显高于对照组[(13.7±1.3)pg/ml比(11.1±1.6)pg/ml,P<0.05];低氧刺激48 h后,IFN-γ在对照组和Eos-NP组中的分泌量没有显著区别。对照组与CRS-IT组表达的HIF-1α随低氧时间延长而增加,Eos-NP组与Non-Eos-NP组表达的HIF-1α随低氧时间延长而减少。对照组与CRS-IT组HIF-1α主要表达于鼻黏膜上皮细胞的细胞质内,CRS-NP组HIF-1α主要表达于鼻黏膜上皮细胞的细胞核内。结论低氧刺激下,CRSwNP患者的鼻息肉、下鼻甲与正常鼻黏膜上皮细胞中IL-17A、TNF-α、IFN-γ的分泌以及HIF-1α的表达水平存在差异,且呈现不同的亚细胞定位,提示其可能参与了CRSwNP发病相关基因的转录与调控。     

慢性泪囊炎患者应用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的临床效果及对安全性的影响

目的探讨慢性泪囊炎患者应用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的临床效果及安全性。方法选取2018年1月至2019年12月因慢性泪囊炎于本院接受治疗的46例患者为研究对象,随机分为研究组与对照组,各23例。对照组接受泪囊鼻腔造口治疗,研究组取鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗,比较两组临床效果、手术指标以及并发症发生情况。结果研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组术中出血量少于对照组,手术及住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);研究组并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论慢性泪囊炎患者采用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗效果显著,并发症较少,安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。     

经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭的可行性研究

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of transnasal heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with respiratory failure in elderly patients. MethodsA total of 176 elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with respiratory failure who were hospitalized at Peking University Shougang Hospital from December 2016 to January 2022 were enrolled, including 82 patients in an HFNC group and 94 patients in an NPPV group. After treatment, pulse oxygen saturation (SPO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), comfort score, discharge rate, rate of endotracheal intubation, rate of transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were compared between the two groups. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Statistical data are expressed in percentage or number of cases and the χ² test was used for their comparisons. ResultsThe SPO₂ values at 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h were significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.049,-2.618, and -3.314, P=0.043, 0.010, and 0.001, respectively). SPO₂ before discharge was significantly lower than that of the NPPV group (t=2.162, P=0.033), but OI at each time point and before discharge had no statistical significance (P＞0.05). MAP at 6 h was significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.209, P=0.029), but within the normal range. HRs at 2 h and 3 h in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those of the NPPV group (t=-2.199 and -2.336, P=0.030 and 0.021, respectively). There were no significant differences in RR, HR, or MAP between the two groups at other time points and before discharge (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the two groups (P＞0.05). Comfort score in the HFNC group was significantly higher than that of the NPPV group (t=-46.807, P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in discharge rate, ICU transfer rate, endotracheal intubation rate, and mortality between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionHFNC is as effective as NPPV in treating elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with type Ⅰ or mild type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and HFNC is more comfortable than NPPV.     

经鼻导管高流量吸氧与经鼻气道正压通气在重症毛细支气管炎呼吸支持中的应用价值比较

目的：比较经鼻导管高流量吸氧（HFNC）与经鼻气道正压通气（nCPAP）在重症毛细支气管炎呼吸支持中的应用价值，为临床治疗方案的选择提供参考。方法：选取2016年12月至2018年12月我院儿科收治的重症毛细支气管炎患儿90例，采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各45例。两组患儿入院后均给予常规综合治疗以保证呼吸道通畅，在此基础上观察组采用HFNC治疗，对照组采用nCPAP治疗，比较两组患儿治疗前和治疗24 h后呼吸频率、经皮血氧饱和度（TcSO2）、呼吸窘迫评分体系（CSS）评分、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）等呼吸相关指标及治疗前后临床症状体征改善情况。结果：两组患儿治疗24 h后呼吸频率、CSS评分均降低，且观察组降低程度更大，TcSO2、PaO2于治疗24 h后升高，观察组升高幅度较对照组明显；治疗后两组患儿咳嗽及肺部湿啰音、肺部炎症情况均改善，观察组症状体征消失时间早于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：重症毛细支气管炎患儿采用HFNC治疗可明显改善通气功能和临床症状，治疗效果优于nCPAP治疗，可扩大样本量进一步观察。     

PS结合CPAP治疗新生儿肺透明膜病的疗效

目的 探讨PS(肺表面活性物质)结合CPAP(鼻塞式持续气道正压通气)对新生儿肺透明膜病患儿的治疗效果.方法 随机选取医院2016年8月—2018年8月收治的106例新生儿肺透明膜病患儿,并将其均分为常规组(n=53)与联合组(n=53).其中对常规组患儿单纯用鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗,对联合组患儿在前者基础上配合肺表面活性物质治疗.结果 联合组患儿治愈率显著高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与常规组患儿相比,联合组患儿肺炎发生率更低,且氧疗时间更短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 肺表面活性物质联合鼻塞式持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿肺透明膜病,其疗效更明显,可在提高临床治愈率的同时,减少肺炎发生率并缩短氧疗时间.     

Control of Porous Layer Thickness in Thermophoretic Deposition of Nanoparticles

The film thickness plays an important role in the performance of materials applicable to different technologies including chemical sensors, catalysis and/or energy materials. The relationship between the surface and volume of the functional layers is key to high performance evaluations. Here we demonstrate the thermophoretic deposition of different thicknesses of the functional layers designed using flame combustion of tin 2-ethylhexanoate dissolved in xylene, and measurement of thickness by scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam. The parameters such as spray fluid concentration (differing Sn²⁺ content), substrate-nozzle distance and time of the spray were considered to investigate the layer growth. The results showed ≈ 23, 124 and 161 μm thickness of the SnO₂ layer after flame spray of 0.1, 0.5 M and 1.0 M tin 2-EHA-Xylene solutions for 1200 s. While Sn²⁺ concentration was 0.5 M for all the flame sprays, the substrates placed at 250, 220 and 200 mm from the flame nozzle had layer thicknesses of 113, 116 and 132 µm, respectively. Spray time dependent thickness growth showed a linear increase from 8.5 to 152.1 µm when the substrates were flame sprayed for 30 s to 1200 s using 0.5 M tin 2-EHA-Xylene solutions. Changing the dispersion oxygen flow (3–7 L/min) had almost no effect on layer thickness. Layers fabricated were compared to a model found in literature, which seems to describe the thickness well in the domain of varied parameters. It turned out that primary particle size deposited on the substrate can be tuned without altering the layer thickness and with little effect on porosity. Applications depending on porosity, such as catalysis or gas sensing, can benefit from tuning the layer thickness and primary particle size.     

Exercise Intolerance in Patients With Heart Failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Exercise intolerance is the cardinal symptom of heart failure (HF) and is of crucial relevance, because it is associated with a poor quality of life and increased mortality. While impaired cardiac reserve is considered to be central in HF, reduced exercise and functional capacity are the result of key patient characteristics and multisystem dysfunction, including aging, impaired pulmonary reserve, as well as peripheral and respiratory skeletal muscle dysfunction. We herein review the different modalities to quantify exercise intolerance, the pathophysiology of HF, and comorbid conditions as they lead to reductions in exercise and functional capacity, highlighting the fact that distinct causes may coexist and variably contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with HF.