行动者中心制度主义视角下县域医疗卫生服务整合路径

国家卫生健康委《关于推进紧密型县域医疗卫生共同体建设的通知》(2019年5月)明确了构建县域紧密型医共体(以下简称“医共体”)建设的政策目标。从现有的医疗资源分配机制来看,在政策执行过程中,推动县域医共体行动者间的有效互动和协调行动才能顺利达成政策目标,并切实优化医疗资源配置,提升县域医疗服务能力。本文基于行动者中心制度主义理论框架,分析县域紧密型医共体建设相关行动者的关系,揭示县域医共体构建中不同行动者受利益诉求、动机选择等多重博弈关系的影响状况。探讨紧密型县域医共体的建构进程中,如何促成行动者之间达成利益相容和联动,最大限度满足县域人民群众获得优质高效的一体化医疗服务。     

Accounting for institutional change in health economic evaluation: a program to tackle HIV/AIDS and gender violence in Southern Africa

There has been growing interest in the application of institutionalist perspectives in the health economics literature. This paper investigates the institutionalist notion of social value and its use in economic evaluation with particular reference to a program to address HIV/AIDS and gender violence in Southern Africa (IMAGE). Institutions are the rules that govern the conduct between individuals, groups and organisations. Their social value stems from their capacity to reduce the uncertainty in human interactions thereby both reducing transaction costs and, importantly, enabling the initiation and sustainability of various activities (instrumental value). Furthermore, institutions tend to be formed around certain ethical positions and as a consequence, act in binding future decision making to these positions (intrinsic value). Incorporating such notions of social value within a conventional welfare-based measure of benefit is problematic as institutional development is not necessarily consistent with individual utility. An institutionalist approach allows for these additional domains to be factored into economic evaluation. IMAGE is an intervention to reduce gender violence and HIV through microfinance, health education and community development, and involves significant initial investment in institution-building activities, notably through training activities with program staff and community members. The key to employing an institutionalist approach to the evaluation of IMAGE is in understanding the nature of those actions that can be seen as institution-building and determining: (1) the instrumental value of follow-up activities by appropriate amortisation of transaction costs over an horizon that reflects the economies gained from the intervention; and (2) the intrinsic value of any transformation in the community through a cost-consequences approach informed by an a priori conceptual model. This case study highlights how health sector interventions can effect institutional changes and how these are captured within a theory-based economic evaluation framework.     

Factors predisposing to institutionalism

All psychiatric patients staying in hospital-supervised boarding homes, and a random sample of 50 long-stay patients in the wards of the only mental hospital in Newfoundland were surveyed to determine if certain premorbid factors predispose to institutionalism ('institutional neurosis'). Three hundred and twenty-four patients were examined. Low intelligence, poor education and disabilities in hearing, speech, locomotion and manual dexterity, were significantly associated with institutionalism. Extremes of age on first admission, celibacy, low occupational status in the patient, or his father, and visual disability did not prove to be associated with institutionalism. In conclusion: institutionalism may be found among patients in boarding homes; some patients are more susceptible to institutionalism than others; and institutionalism tends to be associated with those biological or social handicaps which affect communication and activity of the patient.