Social participation and life-style: A longitudinal and cohort study

This study focuses on changes occurring in one area of life-style, social participation during retirement. The population consisted of four cohorts, born in 1905–06, 1909–10, 1917–18, and 1921–22. In the longitudinal study the members of the oldest cohort were interviewed five times at the ages of 66, 70, 74, 78 and 82 years. In the cohort study the subjects were interviewed at the age of 66. Interests decreased after the age of 78 among men and women. Also, formal social participation declined with age among men and women. There were no cohort differences among men, but among women formal social participation was higher in the younger cohorts than in the older ones. In the longitudinal study education correlated positively with the interests index at almost all ages among both men and women. In the cohort study correlations between interests index and education were lower in the younger cohorts than in the older ones.Paper originally presented at the XIVth International Congress of Gerontology, Acapulo, Mexico 18–23 June 1989.     

Young children's understandings of cigarette smoking

Aims We explore young children's attitudes toward, beliefs about, and life‐style associations with cigarette smoking using direct and indirect measures. Design, setting and participants Second (n = 100) and fifth grade (n = 141) elementary school students (i.e. 7–8 and 10–11‐year‐olds) were excused from class and individually interviewed. Methods Participants selected pictures in response to the questions: who would like to smoke cigarettes the most and who would like to smoke cigarettes the least? Their picture choices were probed using open‐ended prompts designed to elicit the beliefs and life‐style associations underlying their choices. Survey‐based measures of attitudes and beliefs were also collected. Findings Second graders reported life‐style associations with cigarette smoking that were consistent with those of fifth graders. While their associations with smoking are generally negative, children appear to perceive that others feel that smoking makes them look cool and feel cool and also helps them to fit in. By fifth grade, many children believe that smoking can help to reduce stress and alleviate negative mood states. The presence of a smoker in the household does not appear to affect these associations, suggesting that they may be being shaped by external socialization agents. Conclusion Young children appear to be developing understandings of cigarette smoking that go beyond knowing that cigarettes are products that are smoked. As some of their perceptions appear likely to predispose them for future experimentation, young children need to be included in prevention research so that age‐appropriate interventions can be developed.     

The Tromso Family Intervention study: Effects of a family approach to reduce coronary risk factors in children of high-risk men

This study was done to assess the effect of intervention oncoronary heart disease risk factors among children using a familyapproach. Men at increased risk of coronary heart disease (n=l,373)were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups togetherwith their wives (n=1,143) and children (n=2,838). The interventionfamilies received home visits by a physician and dietician,quarterly newsletters regarding diet, smoking and physical exerciseand were invited to ‘stop smoking’ clinics and meetingson nutrition and exercise. At rescreening 6 years later, 29of the control children exceeded pre-set risk factor limitscompared with 15 in the intervention group (p<0.05). Childrenin the intervention group reported 'better' dietary habits thanchildren in control families, especially for foods commonlyeaten at home. At least 7 of the 9 ‘good’ dietaryhabits were practised by 205 intervention children comparedwith 156 in the control group (p<0.01) and 88 versus 154reported practising at least 3 of the 9 listed ‘bad’dietary habits (p<0.001). No significant differences werefound between the 12–24 year old children in the 2 groupsin mean risk factor levels, the proportion of smokers or inthe pattern of physical exercise. It was concluded that coronaryheart disease risk reduction in children using the family approachis well received and results in dietary changes and a reducednumber exceeding pre-set risk factor limits. The effect on meanrisk factor levels, smoking and physical exercise was small.Targeting the intervention more directly to children could possiblyimprove the results. Also, life-style changes may require alonger follow-up before significant differences can be seenamong teenagers.     

社区居家老人骨质疏松相关生活方式与疾病因素的初步调查

目的：基于南通市居民健康信息系统,了解社区居家老年人对骨质疏松相关因素的知晓率,为完善社区卫生服务内容、方式以及早期干预提供理论依据,同时也为政府指导和制定老年人口健康策略提供第一手数据。方法：自行设计调查问卷,对南通市学田社区60岁及以上老年人进行抽样问卷调查,内容包括基本情况、生活方式、疾病史、饮食情况等。数据比较采用t检或χ2检验。结果：共194例老年人参与了本次调查,骨质疏松相关生活方式：吸烟（12.4%）,饮酒（19.1%）,经常饮用浓茶（21.6%）,经常补钙（17.5%）,经常喝牛奶（51.5%）,以素为主（86.1%）,经常吃杂粮（76.8%）,规律运动（72.2%）,长时间静坐（8.2%）,定期体检（86.6%）;骨质疏松相关疾病：糖尿病占（17.5%）,高血压（61.3%）,高血脂（38.7%）,甲状腺功能亢进（4.6%）,风湿病（10.3%）,非暴力骨折史（23.2%）,慢性腰腿痛（65.5%）,严重心脑血管病（30.4%）,慢性肝炎（6.2%）。不同性别、年龄、家庭月收入与骨质疏松相关生活方式和疾病因素的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。另外,电视广播是骨质疏松相关知识传播的主要渠道（知晓率51.0%）。结论：本社区老年人群中骨质疏松相关不良生活方式仍占相当比例,人群普遍患有骨质疏松相关疾病,提示应加大对社区老年人群骨质疏松的健康宣教力度,普查骨质疏松的发病情况,有效诊治骨质疏松相关疾病,将老年人群骨质疏松的防治关口前移。     

Manual wheeled mobility – current and future developments from the human engineering research laboratories

Medical rehabilitation and assistive technology are immersed in a world transitioning to a basis in evidence-based practice.Fortunately, there is a growing body of knowledge related to manual wheelchair mobility to form a basis for clinical decision making. The results from research studies are useful for designing better wheelchairs, fitting and training people appropriately, contributing to evidence-based-medicine and guiding future research. This review describes some of the work related to manual wheelchairs that has and is being conducted within the University of Pittsburgh and the Human Engineering Research Laboratories of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and its application.     

复方珍珠降压胶囊治疗高血压前期疗效观察

目的观察复方珍珠降压胶囊治疗高血压前期的临床疗效。方法将100例高血压前期患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各50例。对照组给予健康生活方式指导,治疗组给予健康生活方式指导和复方珍珠降压胶囊口服,疗程1个月。观察治疗前后中医证候积分、血压和血尿酸(UA)、高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平等变化。结果治疗后两组口干口苦、急躁易怒等证候积分均较治疗前降低(P0.05),治疗组眩晕、头痛、面红目赤证候积分低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后治疗组收缩压、舒张压均较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),且治疗组低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后治疗组UA、hsCRP水平较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),且治疗组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论复方珍珠降压胶囊可改善高血压前期患者临床症状,延缓和(或)逆转高血压前期状态。     

Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer:A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE:Epidemiologic findings are inconsistent concerning the association of endometrial cancer risk with cigarette smoking.We conducted a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies to examine this relation.METHODS:A systematic literature search up to June of 2007 was performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE.Study-specific risk estimates were pooled using a random-effects model.RESULTS:Ten prospective and 24 case-control studies were included in the analysis of the effect of ever smoking.Ever smoking was statistically significantly associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer among prospective studies(relative risk 0.81;95% confidence interval[CI],0.74-0.88) and case-control studies(odds ratio 0.72;95% CI,0.66-0.79).The inverse association was significant among current and former smokers.Six prospective and 6 case-control studies were included in the quantitative analysis.We noted that an increase in smoking of 20 cigarettes per day was statistically significantly associated with 16% and 27% reduced risks of endometrial cancer in prospective and case-control studies,respectively.We also found that cigarette smoking was significantly associated with a decreased risk of endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women(relative risk 0.71;95% CI,0.65-0.78) but not among premenopausal women.In addition,the risk reduction seemed to be stronger among hormone replacement therapy users than nonusers.CONCLUSION:Cigarette smoking was found to be significantly associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer,especially among postmenopausal women.(C) 2008 Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.     

首发缺血性脑卒中患者130例生活方式的调查与分析

目的了解首发缺血性脑卒中住院患者的一般资料及其生活方式状况,以便针对性地实施健康教育。方法 2010年7月至2011年3月,用便利抽样法选择在南京市某三级甲等医院住院的脑卒中患者130例,采用自制问卷对其进行生活方式的调查。结果被调查患者中,60岁及以上者占55.38%,18～59岁者占44.62%。不同婚姻状况、文化程度、经济状况(月收入)、家庭支持情况的患者,其生活方式评分不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。脑卒中患者生活方式总量表平均得分为(113.88±15.77)分,处于一般水平,各条目平均分为(2.19±0.61)分,各维度平均得分由高到低依次是:人际间关系、营养、自我实现、健康责任、压力管理、运动等。结论首发缺血性脑卒中患者中青年人逐渐增多;总体生活方式水平不容乐观。医护人员应对患者进行系统性、个体性、持续性的健康教育,促进其改善生活方式,以期降低脑卒中的发生率及复发率。     

上海浦东某社区健康行为干预效果评价

目的:评价健康促进活动对社区居民健康相关行为的形成及改变的影响.方法:分层随机抽取浦东新区某街道500户居民进行健康生活方式的基线调查,通过多种形式对居民的生活方式进行干预,持续干预10个月后比较其健康生活方式知识、信念、行为的改变情况.结果:干预前后居民的每天吃蔬菜、每天吃早餐、饮食口味等合理营养行为,及保持心情愉快和熬夜、锻炼身体等个人心理健康、运动行为差异有统计学意义;而戒烟限酒等行为变化不大.结论:健康生活方式的行为干预,可改变人群的合理营养等行为,但对戒烟限酒等行为的改变,需要长期坚持不断的行为干预和干预方法的改善.     

The relationship between physical fitness and coronary risk factor profiles in Japanese women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and coronary risk factor profiles in Japanese women. The subjects were 1,483 women (ages 30 to 69) who participated in a practical health promotion program. After medical examination, physical fitness was evaluated by conducting a symptom limited maximal exercise test by ergometer to measure maximum oxygen uptake (peakVO₂) with an expired gas analyzer. The subjects were classified into 3 groups (high fitness, moderate fitness, and low fitness) according to age and physical fitness level. The results showed that the subjects in higher fitness groups had lower levels in: body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, waist-hip ratio, resting blood pressure, and atherogenic index, and higher HDL-cholesterol compared to those in lower fitness group. Even after adjustment for the effects of age and BMI, die subjects in the higher fitness groups had better coronary risk factor profiles. These results suggest that among Japanese women a high level of physical fitness is related to favorable coronary risk factor profiles.